On Leadership Essay

Leadership could very much be likened to a driver of an automobile. Without it, the stationary vehicle may warrant some amount of value, yet it doesn’t live up fully to what it is worth. Without anyone to man its steering wheel, it would end up unmoving, stagnant, and eventually wasting opportunities to travel vast lands and reach great summits. Without someone to operate the car, there will be no one to lend his sense of direction. Without this someone, there will be no destination, much less any means to arrive to it. Without this someone, the car would ultimately miss the chance to possess an attribute which is very crucial to attain any accomplishment: the attribute of being DRIVEN. Likewise, being driven is essential to attaining success in the real world, which is why I deem leadership a significant part of life. In a world where tough competition is present almost everywhere, it isn’t enough anymore to merely possess knowledge or skills. So that success could be attained, there is a need to manage these raw gifts effectively and turn them into something more. And leadership makes that possible. I believe that leadership is built on the foundations of vision, drive and direction. Coupled with hard work and dedication, it enables people to maximize whatever resources they have, and allows them to achieve whatever goals they set upon themselves. Because for a group to function efficiently and idyllically, it must have a clear sense of what it aspires, where it wants to go, and how it is going to make it all happen. However, leadership should not only concern the what, the where, and the how. It is equally important that significant consideration be given to the why. Doing so is what I call responsible leadership. I believe that the ideal leader doesn’t only empower his followers; he empowers the society as a whole. It is something which separates a leader from a manager: a manager simply does things right, and a leader, aside from doing this, also makes it a point that he does the right things. All these years I have kept faith in the power of aggressive yet responsible leadership: leadership which inspires trust amid difficulties, which upholds long-term thinking while conquering immediate challenges at the same time. I always make it a point that I myself embody my own ideals of being a leader who could challenge the status quo and be a steward of progress and development. Indeed a great number of people have attempted to encapsulate the term leadership. But through these attempts do we discern that there are a myriad of meanings that could be associated with the word. Although I do agree with a number of the descriptions given, I sum it all up to one idea: that leadership is the one powerful requisite that could bridge the gap between your present location and your target destination, between your situation and your ambition, between where you are now†¦ and where you want to be.

The Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery Health And Social Care Essay

Intrapartum cervical lesions are frequent, but merely a minority of them is clinically important and conditions future gestations and/or bringings. We report one such instance in which cervical lacrimation occurred upon the initiation of labour, without cervical os distension, ensuing in vaginal bringing of the foetus and sever postpartum bleeding. Case: A 39 year-old G2P0 adult female, with a history of a voluntary break of gestation by cervical distension and curettement 13 old ages ago and no implicative symptom of attendant cervical stricture, was admitted for labour initiation at 41 hebdomads of gestation. Attesting a posteriorly oriented and closed neck, we gave vaginally 2.5 milligram of prostaglandin E2. In the absence of important cervical alterations, 50 microgram of misoprostol were vaginally applied the following twenty-four hours. The patient initiated contractions with neck shorting, but the cervical os remained closed. Two hours subsequently, a healthy male neonate was vaginally delivered and the placenta was removed spontaneously. Showing an intense postpartum hemorrhage, the patient was observed when a big posterior cervical tear was visualized while the original cervical os remained unopened. The haemostasis was achieved by lesion fix utilizing a uninterrupted sutura. Decision: The instance supports that the adult females with a history of cervical intercession should be carefully approached in the instance of labour initiation, even when the process is non associated with evident complications. In this scenario, relentless rigidness of the cervical os in malice of cervical shorting may bespeak the hazard of cervical lacrimation.IntroductionCervical hurts represent important morbidities associated with vaginal bringings [ 1 ] , peculiarly in the instances of nulliparity, hasty labour, operative vaginal bringing and cervical surgical intercessions such as cervical cerclage during gestation [ 2 ] . Initiation of labour has besides been associate d with an addition in the rate of cervical harm [ 3 ] . We report a instance of intrapartum cervical lacrimation without cervical os distension that occurred upon prostaglandin initiation of labour in a adult female with a history of voluntary break of gestation by cervical distension and uterine curettement. The cervical tear resulted in self-generated bringing of the foetus through the lesion and postpartum bleeding successfully treated by the lesion sutura.CASE PRESENTATIONA 39 year-old Portuguese adult female, G2P0, with a singleton and uneventful gestation was admitted to our establishment at 41 hebdomads of gestation for labour initiation. Her past obstetric history revealed a voluntary break of gestation at 6 hebdomads, realized by cervical distension and curettement, without complications, 13 old ages ago. There was no implicative symptom of attendant cervical stricture since the patient?s catamenial rhythms were regular with normal catamenial hemorrhage after the process. A dditionally, the current gestation was spontaneously conceived. Neither relevant medical conditions nor abdominopelvic surgical intercessions were reported. Cervical appraisal on admittance revealed a 15 millimeter long, posteriorly indicating neck of stiff consistence with a 5 millimeter broad external os and cephalic presentation at S-1. Due to unfavourable cervical features, 2.5 milligram of prostaglandin E2 ( PGE2 ) were vaginally given for cervical maturation. In the absence of important cervical alterations and detecting normal CTG records, 50 microgram of misoprostol were vaginally applied the following twenty-four hours. The patient initiated labour 4h subsequently, co-occuring with self-generated rupture of membranes, cervical shortening, while the external os remained 5 millimeter dilated. The patient received consecutive anaesthesia. Two hours subsequently, a healthy male neonate was vaginally delivered deliberation 3355 g, with Apgar score 10/10. After the self-generated placental remotion, an intense vaginal hemorrhage drew attending. The scrutiny demonstrated that original cervical os remained closed and a 4 centimeter deep , posterior cervical tear was observed ( from 9 to 4 o'clock, Figure 1 ) , without extension to the vaginal fornix. The lesion had provided a gate out to the foetus and gave the beginning to the bleeding. The intuition of a important lesion of the uterine principal was rejected by the designation of the tear boundary lines, no clinical marks of peritoneal annoyance and ultrasonographic verification of the absence of free fluid in the abdominopelvic pit. The cervical tear was repaired utilizing uninterrupted vicryl suturas. After the intercession, the drainage of uterine discharge through the natural os was verified. The patent received oxytocin perfusion ( 20U ) and 2g of cefazolin. The bleeding resulted in a decrease of the hemoglobin degree from 12.9 to 10.7 g/dL, therefore the patient was besides medicated with day-to-day Fe addendum p.o. Having an uneventful postoperative class, the patient was discharged on twenty-four hours 3 postpartum and referenced to the hospital?s units f or puerperal alteration and household planning. Degree centigrades: UsersDusanDesktopDelivery through a Cervical TearDiapositivo1.JPGDISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONClinically important lesions of the neck occur in 0.2 – 1.7 % of vaginal bringings ( R ) . Cervical cryings have been often reported with instrumental bringing, peculiarly when forceps was engaged. However, big cryings, such as the lesion that we witnessed, developed under the consequence of induced uterine contractions, miming a full distension and taking to fetus bringing beside an unopened cervical os, are ultimate rareness. A self-generated bringing through a cervical tear with an integral cervical os was antecedently reported in a patient with a history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia treated with a loop electrosurgical deletion process ( LEEP ) and upon the labour initiation with PGE2 [ 4 ] . Differently, in other reported instances, big cervical cryings coexisted with partly [ 5 ] or to the full dilated necks [ 6 ] . In our patient, prostaglandins were besides used for cervical readying as a standard method. Although no old cervical injury was documented, the history of cervical distension and curettement used for the expiration of predating gestation opens up possibility of subclinical cervical hurt. Despite the fact that a high per centum of patients with a history of cervical distension and curettement have a favourable result of future pregnancies/deliveries, the process is associated with an increased rate of postpartum bleedings [ 7 ] . We believe that old cervical hurt, although clinical ly soundless, should be considered, since the initiation drugs were applied in a accustomed and safe mode while no other obvious predisposing factors existed. Similarly to the instance of patient submitted to LEEP, presumptive cervical tissue change did non let distension of the external os due to fibrosis and indirectly weakened the nearby cervical section when exposed to prostaglandin-induced contractions. Alternatively, the intrinsic cervical os stiffness in our patient can be taken into history, doing the above tissue prone to rupture. Regardless of etiology, the realisation of a cesarian subdivision after the initial and unsuccessful tentative of labour could forestall this complication. Nevertheless, the diseased significance of ascertained cervical response, de facto, is non recognizable in the clinical pattern every bit easy as in the theory. In decision, the adult females with a history of cervical intercession necessitate a particular moderateness in the instance of labour initiation, even when the process is minimally invasive, like cervical distension, and non associated with evident complications. The instance shows that in such a parturient, cervical shorting with relentless rigidness of the cervical os should be peculiarly valorized and carefully approached since it may bespeak the imminency of cervical rupturing aside a closed os. At the visible radiation of comparatively high rates of both instrumental gestation break and subsequent labour initiation, the possibility of this rare event should non be overlooked due to the serious maternofetal effects that it can condition. Conflict of Interests: The writers declare no struggle of involvements. Consent: Patient has given her consent for the instance study to be published.

Freedom and the Art of Balance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Freedom and the Art of Balance - Essay Example The most noticeable one is Nichomachean Ethics. In this Aristotle pointed out the virtue ethics which demarcated the proper functioning of every article of thing. He said that what is fact is truth for e.g. an eye is only a good eye as long as it can see as the proper function of eye is sight. Also, he identified the best activity of the soul as eudaimonia (a sense of happiness that suffuses the good life) and in order to attain the good life one must live a balanced life and avoid anything in excess. This excess could hold different meaning for different people and also for different situations and exists as a golden mean between the two vices- one is an excess while other is a deficiency (Nichomachean Ethics). This is essential to define the quality of a person's habits or character as the man of excellence or the thing of excellence is said to have virtue and this in its highest forms is associated with potential for happiness (Nichomachean Ethics). Book 1 defines the subject matter and emphasizes on the Goal-directed ethics and is often called teleological. In this Aristotle stated that everything has a purpose or end. For instance a good knife has a purpose to cut and therefore must be sharp. In the similar manner every human has also a purpose this might be different than what he has thought, i.e.

See details below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

See details below - Essay Example pp2-3) in which the project is either accepted or rejected based on its value addition to the firm and the shareholder wealth. The author showed that the cost of capital of a project is marginalized to maximize the shareholder wealth by including rate of interest, the required rate of return to stock holders, corporate marginal income tax rate, debt to equity ratio and lifetime of the proposed project and the weighted average cost of capital. In a paper written by the same author later (Beranek. 1980. pp404-405) claimed that the Net Present Value rankings of the investment opportunities do not match equity market value unless the projects are of one period duration or are solely equity financed. He established the widely used criteria of accepting a project only if its Present Value is greater than zero and recommended that the project among multiple Mutually Exclusive projects having highest Present Value should be chosen. However, Beranek (1975. pp17) warned of some practical chall enges in implementing this technique in capital budgeting due to uneven cash flows, non-straight line income tax & other depreciations, varying methods of repaying the debts, different treatment of shareholders between capital gains & dividends, errors in calculation of weighted average cost of capital in finite lived projects, etc. His fears were not unreasonable in those years given the current sophistication of capital budgeting procedures that takes into account complex metrics like risk analysis (both systematic & non-systematic), computerized simulations & stress tests, inflation, etc. In fact Pike (1984. pp95) carried out a broad level research on relationship between sophistication of capital budgeting and firm performance to conclude that higher sophistication of capital budgeting impacts firm performance negatively. Overall, Net Present Value has remained the most trusted method to evaluate capital budgeting decisions due to its shear advantage of evolving the "time value of money". Majority of expansions, new operations or replacement decisions are based on NPV technique (Sun & Queyranne. 2002. pp528). Although NPV has some pitfalls especially when the inputs to the NPV calculations (like interest rates, risk perceptions, etc.) vary considerably, it is the most effective technique to evaluate the true value of capital budget when evaluating the returns from a project. It may however not give a complete picture of returns from an accepted project and hence the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) technique should be used along with the NPV technique. Cash Flow Estimation under Capital Budgeting - Issues and Resolutions Most of the analysts associate larger risks with projects that are of longer durations. This is because the speculations of risks, interest rates, inflation, etc. become more unpredictable for longer durations. The NPV technique is perfect for a single duration project but if the inputs vary too much (like interest rates vary considerably within a short span of time), the project can no-longer be treated as single duration. Beranek (1980. pp404) presented an empirical

Community corrections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Community corrections - Essay Example Moreover, people in society may not take kindly to having different criminals in their midst, especially if some of them were convicted for having committed certain crimes. In a bid to assist members of society reduce such risks; it is crucial for them to handle the criminals with care (Latessa & Smith, 2011). This can be done through the provision of a strict schedule for offenders. Offenders released on community corrections programs must adhere to a strict routine where they must report to the groups involved regularly. In doing so, they can be seen as trying to adhere to the laws and rules laid out before them for the sake of every group involved. Moreover, the programs that most offenders are given may give them the necessary rehabilitation program they need. Monitoring alone may not be enough, but combining monitoring with programming may be crucial in reducing the risks posed (Latessa & Smith, 2011). These programs need to suit the offender and their immediate needs in order to make them feel as part of the larger community. Acceptance may be the final key in the release process. Although community members may have reservations about offenders, accepting them may be the final stage in reducing the recidivism rate among them. All these work toward providing offenders with a chance a t changing into law-abiding citizens as the correctional system

The European Central Bank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The European Central Bank - Essay Example (ECB, n.d.) From the moment of its inception, the European Central Bank has been a favorite target of criticisms from economists and political leaders alike. Surprisingly, among its staunch critics are European countries themselves which suffer economically because of the oftentimes rigid and unreasonable policies ECB follows. This paper will thus examine how the political and economic world perceives the performance of the central bank in this regard. Commentaries from analysts, studies done by independent economic research bodies, and the media will be the three main sources for this research. "The list of challenges is long and a lot of work lies in front of us." This was the concluding statement of Gertrude Tumpel-Gugerell, member of the ECB Executive Board during a speech on a conference in Vienna, Austria in 2004. However, she was optimistic that the system would be able to handle challenges that would be present along the way. (ECB, 2004) Among the many challenges present is how to balance decision-making with regards to rate increase to benefit all the economies of the EU member states. Because the ECB does not only cater to a single economy, it has this inherent challenge. An increase in rate would mean a negative effect on a country with a growing economy while it is a positive move for a country with a high inflation rate. The GoCurrency website cited that "several larger economies in the euro area (Germany, for example) that were recently coming out of an economic slump were unhappy as the higher rates would stunt their growth."(GoCurrency, 2006) One classic example often mentioned by analysts is the effect of low interest rates in countries with property bubbles such as Ireland. Because "the ECB was keeping rates low to help the stodgy economies of France and Germany, where growth was weak and needed nurturing, the need of the Irish to raise rates to help their already ailing economy is not addressed". (Louth, 2007) With the recent slump in mortgages in the American market, ECB is once more in the dilemma of raising rates in September or not. It should be noted that this is the first time since September 2001 that there is a proposed increase in rates. (MECB Update, 2002, p 3) Jean-Claude Trichet, President of ECB, indicated in August that the ECB "will raise its key refinancing rate to 4.25 from 4.0." (TodayOnline, 2007) However, there has been pressure from the world community to halt this intended rate increase. The article that appeared on the Business World website entitled "NCB: Another ECB hike could be risky", quoted NCB analyst Dermot O'Brien as saying that the credibility of the ECB may be in question if it does not proceed with the intended rise in rates and sticking to its original plan would be seen as immature stubbornness. This is the current dilemma. (Business World, 2007) With the "surprisingly weak growth figures for the

Pensions and Retairement Future Trends and Options Essay

Pensions and Retairement Future Trends and Options - Essay Example Pension is generally calculated depending on the Basic Pay and the Dearness allowance of the employee's salary. An employee gets his pension till his life time, after which the amount is given to their spouse. In some companies, pensions come with an additional insurance coverage which helps the pensioners or the disabled beneficiaries. Pension ensures the employee with a standard income that helps the family. The amount is based on his last designation. It is beneficial to the employee as it is tax free. Pension is a sort of moral support and security which helps them to lead a peaceful life. A government employee should retire from the organization at the age fixed by the respective departments. The age of retirement may differ from one company to another. Retirement is of various types like retirement on Superannuation and Voluntary Retirement Scheme. Superannuation is a form of retirement where the employee gets retired at the age as fixed by the organization. Voluntary retirement scheme is a form in which the employee leaves the organization after some 10 or 20 years, depending on the norms of the organization. (Mendel 2009).In this scheme the employee need not work till his retirement age. If an employee opts for this, he will get the pension amount and the proportionate lump sum amount for the remaining years of service. The government has changed this procedure and the employee retiring before his retirement age will get only the gratuity and other benefits in addition to the pension. In the normal retirement scheme, the person serves in the organization till the fixed age and then retires. He will then get the Provident fund amount. Retirement benefits include leave encashment, retirement gratuity and his contribution to the provident fund. Senior citizens are also eligible for all these benefits that help them to lead a problem free life after their retirement. There are other types of pension like extraordinary pension scheme which is given to disabled employees or in case an employee loses his life during his job tenure, the amount is given to his family. Retirement pensions are a guaranteed form of income for the people. Defined benefit and Defined contribution are the two classifications of retirement plans. Defined benefit plan ensures a certain amount at the time of retirement which is fixed based on the person's salary and years of service. Defined contribution plan gives an amount on retirement which depends on the money that he has contributed and his investments are included. (Copeland 2003). In some countries, defined benefit and defined contribution plan are combined and offered to the people after retirement. Defined benefit plans comes as a package inclusive of early retirement options. This allows the employee to get retirement before their retirement age is attained. Most of the employees prefer the defined contribution plan instead of defined benefit. Here the money a person gets is purely based on his investments and contributions and the employer does not assure a specific amount. This is an advantage to the employers as they need not guarantee an amount. When compared to this defined benefit plan is more beneficial since the employee gets a certain amount based on the average salary and this does not depend on the individual's investment. Defined contribution gives the amount as one lump sum where as defined benefit

Organisational Structure, Boundaries and Space Essay

Organisational Structure, Boundaries and Space - Essay Example The boundaries between home and work are blurring. Today, workers want more flexibility and mobility as compared to the previous years. The increase in the Web 2.0 tools at the workplaces is contributing to the erosion of boundaries between social and work life. The technological developments, web presence and the social media are considered as the major factors contributing to the blurring boundaries between work and home. Adnerson argues that difficulty in managing work-home balance is increasing divorce rate because when couple experiences difficulties in managing their roles, they start confusion over changing gender roles which create problems between them. Actually individuals have different roles which they perform in the society. In the context of an organisation, the roles of individuals at workplace and home are of special interest. Edwards, R. J. and Rothbard (2002) argue that a dramatic increase has been seen in the research devoted to study the association between work a nd family life and a number of linking mechanisms have been also suggested to explain the nature of the relationship between work and family roles of an individual. Organisations have adopted various mechanisms to reconfigure the work and home roles, so that employees could be better able to achieve the balance. Boundaries between work and home have become significantly important because of the changing work patterns and organisational behaviour. Greenhaus and Singh have highlighted few major links which are usually parallel to work-home boundaries. These conflicts include conflict, accommodation, enrichment, compensation and segmentation. Work-family conflict is the incompatibility between the work roles and home roles and it may be because of the pressures from either of the domain. Work-family accommodation as defined by Lambert (1990, cited in Greenhaus and Singh, 2003) is the process through which people try to reduce their participation in one role to fulfil the demands of the other role. Work-family compensation as defined by Lambert (1990) and Zedeck (1992, cited in Greenhaus and Singh, 2003) is the attempt to seek satisfaction from one role by offsetting the dissatisfaction in other role. Another mechanism that links work and home is the work-family enrichment, in which roles of ind ividuals in one role support the role of individuals in the other role. Finally work-home segmentation separates the roles of individuals at work and home and it advocates that integrating the roles can create conflicts. Therefore, work and home roles are strongly linked with each other. Managing boundaries have become important for the companies because organisations seek to achieve maximum employee productivity and it is only possible of employees play their role more effectively and efficiently. All individuals have transitions in their roles of home, work and other places and the transitions are the boundary-crossing activities where one performs roles and enters and exists (Ashforth, Kreiner and Fugate, 2000). Ashforth, Kreiner and Fugate have considered these roles to be arrayed on a continuum which spans from high segmentation to high integration. Actually, Ashfort and his colleagues have argued that roles can be broadly categorised into two major groups. When the segmentatio n between roles is significant, the boundaries blur and the magnitude of change increases, thereby, making the boundary crossing more difficult. On the other hand, when the roles integration is significant, t

Should the united states pull out of afghanistan Essay

Should the united states pull out of afghanistan - Essay Example The initial dispatch of troops to Afghanistan was to either capture or kill Osama bin Laden who was the master mind behind the attack and to decimate his network Al Qaeda. If this is the principal reason for the war, now that Osama bin Laden is dead and the Al Qaeda decimated to only 50 members in Afghanistan, is it not time to pull out of Afghanistan. If the reason for our continuing presence in Afghanistan is based on the lofty ideals of nation building of that strife torn country and install democracy, then it cannot be achieved since Afghanistan itself is against that concept and western type of democracy is a fallacy there. We have deployed 100000 troops in Afghanistan and lost nearly 1600 American lives so far and 11541 have been wounded and maimed, many of them seriously and their lives will never be normal. Having accomplished the mission for what they have been sent for, the American troops are longing to come back home. It has been reported that there is no purpose served for prolonging the troops stay over there. The war has a devastating effect on the life of personnel leaving them traumatized. About 25 percent of US army personnel serving in Afghanistan suffer from traumatic stress disorder and close to 16 percent of troops is under medication for mental illness. According to Andrew.J.Belvich â€Å"American Soldiers are now said to face the prospect of perpetual conflict†( Andrew J Belvich). The cost of this longest war in Afghanistan becomes unmanageable with $120 billion a year or $10 billion per month. The Unites State has pumped in $18.8 billion as foreign aid and so far has spent $444 billion on the expenses. The amount so far spent has aggravated our fiscal problem. Our federal government has burgeoning national debt of $1.5 trillion this year which has to be taken care of. Unless we attend to this problem the nation could default on its debt and debt servicing. If we pull out from

Changing a Partheid, But Not So Fast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Changing a Partheid, But Not So Fast - Essay Example Before summarizing the setting of the play, it is important to note something about the author of this play, and his purpose or message. The man who wrote this play is Athol Fugard. His parents were English and Afrikaner, and he was raised in South Africa, during apartheid, having been born there in 1932. While working as a court clerk in Johannesburg, he came to understand the evils of apartheid, and became an activist, writing plays about apartheid (Vienna Theatre Project 2). He alienated the government, in that way, and they removed his passport and years later they returned it. His award-winning plays spread apartheid awareness internationally, from marginalized theaters in South Africa, to famous theaters in London, and even to New York’s Broadway (Vienna Theatre Project 2). Fugard brings his criticism of the apartheid policies of the South African government to this play. However, through the character of Mr. M, Fugard also brings criticism of the policies of the African National Congress, which resisted the apartheid government (p. 2). That is a strong approach, especially for an activist who is well aware of the evils of apartheid, and has himself suffered under it. Good and evil are not as completely polarized in real life as they are in fairy tales. Mr. M represents the voice of a gray area, between the extremes. Isabel is white and filled with personal hope, raised to believe it is hers by right. Thami is black and cannot afford the luxury of hope without supporting street action for massive and immediate change (p. 3). Mr. M sees hope as a hungry beast that could potentially gobble up all of South Africa’s students (Chastang). He does not want to exercise the initiative to invite change abruptly. He is afraid that the inevitable backlash against activism for abrupt social change will put education further out of reach of his students. Mr. M is also an activist, because he is engaged in the visionary social action of education, but he i s older and more old-fashioned, and so he likes the relative safety of moving more slowly. He does not want to escalate risk, because education is critical to the future of the students. Mr. M is not fearful of insubstantial shadows, but of very real events and trends. The history of South Africa has not been peaceful. The Dutch killed and controlled the Xhosa. The British seized control of the area and the Afrikaner (Dutch descendants) moved their location to escape the British. Both the British and the Afrikaners defeated the Zulus. Then, war came between the British and the Afrikaners, and the British won. They later united to keep non-whites restricted (Vienna Theatre Project 4). The Afrikaner National Party came to power in 1948 and apartheid was firmly and miserably entrenched. The African National Congress was the Black answer to apartheid. It was backed by Communists (Vienna Theatre Project 4). In 1976, 15,000-20,000 Soweto students marched in protest of apartheid, intending to sing a song affirming solidarity and then go home. Unfortunately, the police over-reacted, released police dogs to attack the students and used tear gas. Students responded by throwing stones and bottles. The police started shooting students, without warning, Students reacted by setting fire to government property and the property of White businesses. The government called in massive reinforcements. Army helicopters dropped tear gas on the crowd. Entry and exit to and from

The True Face of Beauty Essay Example for Free

The True Face of Beauty Essay When you look in the mirror what do you see? Obviously you see yourself, but do you see yourself as you truly are? Studies show that most women see themselves as less than they really are. The majority of the population of women in this world are constantly pointing out their flaws, leaving out all the beautiful things about themselves. Everyone has beauty within them even if it isnt visible at first glance. When asked what a beautiful woman looks like, a majority of the population will describe a Photo Shopped model theyve seen in a magazine. These people are myths, they don actually exist. There is not one person in this world that is perfect and thats OK because our flaws, strengths and weaknesses are what differentiate each and everyone of us to the rest of the world. Media doesnt have the right to label beauty to a certain image, because there isnt an image that shows all the different races, cultures and ethnicity. Also, you can forget about defining true beauty. Like a picture, a definition cannot possibly describe all the different characteristics that make a person beautiful. Most people see inner beauty as a joke. Which makes sense because if you cant see it who knows if it really exists. Men usually say that theyre attracted to someone because of the their looks but thats not entirely true. They first look at a girl because of their looks but the attraction, that comes after they first talk to her. Thats why first impressions are so important, but dont judge too quickly because (quoting from Facebook), The girl you just called fat? She has been starving herself and has lost over 30lbs. The girl you just called ugly? She spends hours putting make-up on hoping people will like her. There are a few more but they arent relevant. Just to say that you shouldnt be to quick to judge. Talk to a person and get to know them and their story. At that point you can start forming your opinion on them. Fashion is another issue when it comes to beauty. Since when does the clothes we wear determine if were beautiful or not . People need to stop judging. Our clothes determine our personal preferences and sometimes a bit of our personality. If a piece of clothing was made, there has to be at least one other person, somewhere in the world that also liked it. It has come to the point where even religious women are being judged by what they wear. If a Muslim woman believes that the burqa or hijab should be worn, then she should have the right to wear it without being criticized. Clothing, judgment, race, religion, culture and ethnicity shout not be the only factors that categorizes you as beautiful. Like the the word says, you need to BE-YOU to be beautiful.

Report on Himalaya herbal healthcare

Report on Himalaya herbal healthcare The global medical industry is one of the worlds fastest growing industries, absorbing over 10% of gross domestic product of most developed nations. It constitutes of broad services offered by various hospitals, physicians, nursing homes, diagnostic laboratories, pharmacies and ably supported by drugs, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, medical equipment, manufacturers and suppliers. The medical and health care industry provides enormous employment opportunities to choose from. Apart from using the services of medical professionals, this industry also utilizes the expert services of public policy workers, medical writers, clinical research lab workers, IT professionals, sales/marketing professionals and health insurance providers. SIZE OF THE INDUSTRY The United States of America has one of the largest medical and healthcare industries in the world, followed by Switzerland and Germany. The USAs medical industry comprises of more than 750,000 physicians and 5,200 hospitals. USA witnesses approximately 3.8 million inpatient visits and 20 million outpatients visit on a daily basis. Furthermore, the United States of America has the largest workforce i.e. one in every 11 US residents employed in the health care business. The Global prescription drug market was $550 billion in the year 2006. Also, the total health care expenditures across the world were $4.5 trillion last year. Of which, US solely account for $ 2.2 trillion, $ 2 trillion in OECD countries and remaining $ 0.3 in other countries of the world. MAJOR SEGMENTS OF THE INDUSTRY The global medical industry is highly fragmented, comprising of various ancillary sectors namely medical equipment and supplies, pharmaceutical, healthcare services, biotechnology, and alternative medicines sectors. Medical Equipment and Supplies: It consists of various establishments or units engaged in designing, manufacturing, selling and distributing of surgical and medical instruments, ophthalmic, lab apparatus, electro medical, dental, irradiation, surgical appliances and supplies. Pharmaceutical Industry It consists of several establishments involved in developing, researching, marketing and distributing drugs or medicines. Globally, the market share of pharmaceutical industry is US $340 billion. The global pharmaceutical sales account for US$ 602 billion, with an annual growth rate of 7%. Healthcare Services Industry It includes various establishments dealing in different type of services like testing, outsourcing, compliance, chemical analysis, transcription, quality assurance, validation, and other types of services. The global market share of biotechnology services industry is worth US $ 50 billion, which is soon expected to witness a hike in coming years. Presently, pharmaceutical testing service industry values to US $ 5.9 billion, which is predicted to reach US $ 9.5 billion by the end of 2009. Microbiological testing service industry accounts for US $ 2.4 billion. Globally, the medical outsourcing services industry accounts for approximately US $ 200 billion. Biotechnology Industry It is one of the most research-intensive segments of the global healthcare industry. Biotechnology industry is composed of many establishments, which are engaged in making wide variety of biotech products. Biotechnology is primarily being used by the pharmaceutical industry but there are other industries like agriculture, mining, waste treatment industries as well, which are making continuous use of biotechnology. Biotechnology companies focus on developing methods or products used for preventing, diagnosing and treating dozens of life threatening and chronic diseases. The biotechnology industry has mushroomed since its inception and at present it is equivalent to US $ 50.7 billion. China, USA, India, Australia, and France are the market leaders of biotech products in the world. Alternative Medication Industry It consists of various groups involved in the promotion of different forms of alternative medications and therapies like ayurveda, homeopathy, aromatherapy, massage therapy etc. The total market size of alternative medicine is valued at US $2.7 billion while global market for traditional therapies accounts for US $60 billion. Dietary Supplements Industry As per the Office of Dietary Supplements, consumers in the USA spent $20.3 billion on dietary supplements in 2004. This comprises of vitamins, minerals, herbs, botanicals, amino acids, whole foods, nutraceuticals, etc, the USFDA regulates dietary supplements differently than the conventional foods and drug products. Regulated by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), the manufacturers are responsible for ensuring the safety of dietary supplements before they are marketed. The industry derives much of its demand from growing health awareness, ageing population, consumer spending, and nutrition trends. Bringing out innovative products, effective merchandising and competitive pricing determines the manufacturers profitability. Supplements are sold via supermarkets, drugstores, Internet, mail orders, health food stores, and by direct sellers. KEY GROWTH DRIVERS OF THIS INDUSTRY There are various factors, which govern the growth of the medical and healthcare industry. Some of the key factors are: Continuous investments in research development has resulted in increased productivity and better quality of drugs, medicines, medical instruments, hospital equipment, and other medical supplies used in medical industry. Provides employment to large chunk of human population. United States of America has the largest workforce i.e. one in every 11 US residents employed in the health care business. Increased costs in the medical treatment in the developed nations have driven patients to migrate to Asian countries. Rise in ailments among the ageing population especially in developed nations has led to the increase in demand of variety of drugs or medicines. Innovative techniques of drug discovery and drug development, new cures and treatments, gene testing for insurance, genetic predictions of disease and related issue, human cloning and reproductive technologies are the other key drivers of the medical industry. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF THE INDUSTRY The future perspective of medical industry seems to be immensely bright and encouraging for this industry in terms of the expected surge in global demand and upsurge in investments. Several trends such as globalization, continuous investments in research and development, newer techniques of drug development and discovery, product proliferation, mergers and acquisitions are the key drivers of this industry. Increasing corporatization of Private Healthcare in the backdrop of a growing and affluent middle class is an emerging trend that has been pushing the growth of this industry. Health Insurance and Medical Tourism are the other significant trends, which are governing the global healthcare and medical industry. Most of the nations are now emphasizing on the accreditation of medical professionals so as to ensure legitimacy of the services provided by them. Robust advancement in the field of information technology will allow critical medical data to be processed and transferred quickly over larger distances, thereby saving time of both the patients and physicians in the speeding delivery of treatment. WELCOME TO INDIA! Indian Herbal Industry The Indian herbal market is sharply rising, expecting to hit the INR 14500 crore mark with exports reaching INR 9000 crore by the year 2012. The herbal market has a CAGR of around 25%. India is followed by China as the largest producer of medicinal plants having more than 40 per cent global diversity. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has projected that the global herbal market will grow to USD 5 trillion by 2050. According to a study on Herbal Industry Biz Potential, currently, the Indian herbal market is worth Rs 7000 crore (USD 1.7 billion) and India exports herbal raw materials and medicines worth over Rs 3600 crore (USD 902 million) THE AYURVEDIC MEDICINE INDUSTRY IN INDIA Ayurvedic medicines are produced by several thousand companies in India, but most of them are quite small, including numerous neighborhood pharmacies that compound ingredients to make their own remedies. It is estimated that the total value of products from the entire Ayurvedic production in India is on the order of one billion dollars (U.S). The industry has been dominated by less than a adozen major companies for decades, joined recently by a few others that have followed their lead, so that there are today 30 companies doing a million dollars or more per year in business to meet the growing demand for Ayurvedic medicine. The products of these companies are included within the broad category of fast moving consumer goods (FMCG; which mainly involves foods, beverages, toiletries, cigarettes, etc.). Most of the larger Ayurvedic medicine suppliers provide materials other than Ayurvedic internal medicines, particularly in the areas of foods and toiletries (soap, toothpaste, shampoo, etc.), where there may be some overlap with Ayurveda, such as having traditional herbal ingredients in the composition of toiletries. The Ayurveda industry is dominated by Dabur, Baidyanath and Zandu, which hold nearly 85% share of the market. Dabur India Ltd. Leads the Ayurveda market as Indias largest supplier and the fourth largest of FMCG products. Daburs Ayurvedic Specialities Division offers a range of medicines ranging from common cold to chronic paralysis. However, this is only 7% of Daburs total revenue. The famous Chyavanprash from Dabur, owns 70% of the market while the Digestive Hajmola tablets has an 88% share. Damburs Amla Hair Oil, Vatika Shampoo and Tooth powder occupy a major chunk of the marketplace. Kolkata based, Sri Baidyanath Ayurvedic Bhawan Ltd. Is a specialist in Ayurvedic Products and has recently ventured into FMCG markets Its forte was in its internationally marketed Shikakai (Soap) and range of cosmetic products. Baidyanath has more than 750 products in its Ayurvedic portfolio pulling a sales volume of over 350 million dollars. Similar to the product basket of Dabur, Baidyanath is into massage oils, Chyavanprash and patented Ayurvedic products. Mumbai Based, Zandu Pharmaceutical Works, focused largely on Ayurveda based products. In its 45 million dollars turnover, Zandu drives its entire sales from its chemicals and cosmetic division. In 1934, Bangalore witnessed the birth of The Himalaya Drug Company. With over 500 million dollars of net worth, Himalaya has expanded and engraved a footprint into the US soil. Some of its offerings such as the Liv-52 capsules, introduced in India in 1955, are marketed as a liver protector and therapy for liver diseases like viral hepatitis. Charak Pharmaceuticals, producer of liquids, tablets, and veterinary products has constantly grown in market share with its newest introduction of the product Evanova, a concoction of 33 herbs and minerals and non-hormonal active ingredients used as a menopause treatment alternative to HRT. Containing a good amount of Soya content, Evanova contains herbs like elective estrogen receptor modulators as well as asparagus root (shatavari), which diminishes the regularity and intensity of hot flashes. The age old Vicco Laboratories incorporated nearly 60 years ago, primarily produces Ayurveda based topical therapies. Its evergreen, Vicco Vajradanti, has enhanced its foothold, not only in India but in the US markets too. The newest entrant in the segment, The Emami Group, provides a diverse range of cosmetic and Ayurvedic products. Emamis, Himani line of Ayurvedic products occupies only 110 million dollars of the turnover of the group. Similar to its competitors, Emami deals with products such as Chyavanprash and herbal oils. Aimil Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Excells in the manufacture and selling of generic and proprietory Ayurveda based medicines. With a meager 20 million dollars of business, its Ayurvedic range comprises of therapeutic products which had received the National Award for Quality Herbal Preparations and National Award for R D. Aimil is well known for its proprietary formulae for hepatitis, diabetes, menstrual disorders, digestive disorders, and urinary diseases. The herbal honey, Chyavanprash dominates the Indian market with 69% market share. Dabur leads the Amla based Chyavanprash product market with Baidyanath, at 11%, and Zandu and Himani (Emami Group) with about 7.5% each. An assortment of stand-alone herbs, traditional formulae, coupled with proprietary medicines make up the herbal Indian market> there is also a huge section comprising of the massage oils, shampoos, skin creams and other tropical products. Himalaya Drug Company and Universal Medicaments (UM) in Nagpur, lead the market for such traditional medicines. UM has a JV for production and RD of herbal based products, with Cipla Ltd. and Lupin Ltd. UM is exports both pharma based medicines as well as herbal medicines. STATUS OF AYURVEDA IN INDIA The governments of India and NGOs in India have been collecting data on the Ayurvedic system in India pertaining to the manpower and institutional aspects of Ayurveda which has emerged over the years. 60% of Indian physicians deal with non-allopathic systems of medicines. There are 4 lakh Ayurvedic practitioners, while over 1.7 Lakh doctors dealing in Homeopathy. Even though India has over 500,000 medical doctors, similar to that of US, India addresses nearly 4 times the number of patients as compared to the US. Even with the illustration of Universal Medicaments Pvt. Ltd., we can see the depth of product offerings with a herbal base. Some of the formulations developed by them are Karnim (Anti-diabetic supplement), Herbokam (Anti-stress formula), Chetak (Stimulant), Tonabilin (Iron supplement), Minitone, U-Gyanetone, and Unicough Syrup. With over 15 main stream proprietary products, they are gradually moving away from traditional Ayurveda and adopting newer forms to suit existing trends. Colorado based, Maharishi Ayurveda Products International is the largest supplier of Ayurveda based herbal products to the US and other western countries. Despite the popularity of the teachings of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and his teaching of transcendental meditation, the company holds a meager market share and a limited staff. The Maharishi has adopted a typical Pharmaceutical company approach where Doctors are attracted by their products and thus, become representatives to spread the message regarding their products. Due to the age old perception in western worlds that traditional medicines cannot be promoted or accepted with ease, there is an increased focus on individual herbs such as the Indian Ashwagandha. Comparing the product with ginseng, which has been the best selling medicinal herb in the international markets, it has earned the name of the Indian ginseng Earlier, the greatest promoted basil from Ayurveda was Centella asiatica, a variety of Brahmi. The herb contained two other non- Ayurvedic herbs with which it gained immense importance and was promoted extensively as an energizer and a tonic for brain related issues. However, a Chinese herb has taken its place due to confusion about its source. On the contrary, there are bitter past experiences for many westerners when they make a trip to India which indicates that the problems exist primarily in the source country. Contamination issues and quality control from heavy metals, pesticides and other materials has become an increasing concern among Ayurvedic factories. Yet a few large ones have managed to invest in testing facilities and quality issues. The Story Kottakkal Arya Vaidya Sala, an Ayurvedic Medical Center Kottackal Arya Vaidya Sala which was founded in 1902 by Vaidyaratnam P.S. Varier is today one of Indias morst revered ayurvedic institutions. It offers Ayurvedic medicines and treatments to seekers all over India. It is a charitable institution offering medicines and treatment. The Arya Vaidya Sala also manages one Ayurvedic Hospital at Kottakkal in Kerala and at Delhi. It also cultivates medicinal plants and manufactures medicines along with conducting research programmes and publishing various literature on Ayurveda. They also run a Kathakali Academy. The founders studied this traditional medicine under the classical Gurukul system. They also acquired proficiency in the practice of Allopathy. In 1933, in recognition of his valuable services to humanity, Sri P. S. Varier was conferred the distinguished title of Vaidyaratna by His Excellency the Viceroy and Governor General of India. Left: Some of the 500 Ayurvedic formulas developed by Arya Vaidya Sala; Right: Home of S. Varier, the organizations founder. Sri Varier, called the Savior of Ayurveda in the South passed away in 1944. He had executed a will prior to his demise, which converted his proprietary into a charitable trust, as per the provisions of its founders will Arya Vaidya Sala functions as a charitable trust. Ayurvedic Natural Health Center, Goa, India Todays Ayurvedic health care services aspires to cater to tourist from across the world. Although herb products can be taken everywhere, the services of Ayurveda are epitomized by the week-long Panch Karma regimen which are obtained by staying at a special clinic. The Ayurvedic Natural Health Care Center is a group of sites in Goa where people can visit for two weeks to experience a wide range of therapies. The Ayurvedic system is particularly focused on cleansing and detoxifying approaches and uses numerous methods for promoting elimination and relaxation this involves the application of medicated oils and herbs. This center was established only a few years ago by Dr. Gopala Krishinan Valiyaveetil. He belongs to a family specializing in Ayurveda and he has obtained his grounding in Ayurveda from his parents. BREAKING OUT OF THE SLUMBER- AWAKENING INDIA India holds centuries old treasure of well practiced and well recorded wisdom of traditional medicine The basic requirements for gaining entry into the rest of the world include well-documented traditional use of single-plant medicines, Medicinal plants free from pesticides and heavy metals. Herbal drug development is possible only through the enlargement of standardized natural products. The health care systems are going to become more and more expensive hence we have to develop methodologies to essentially introduce and integrate herbal medicine system in mainstream health care. There is a huge scope for India also to emerge as a leading player in the global herbal product based medicine. Drugs manufactured in accordance with principles of Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani can reach new horizons. The need is to make them the best in the world by maintaining their quality and efficacy. There is nothing to stop ayurveda and herbal sciences from competing with the modern medicine with its virtues added advantages, fewer side effects and lower costs. THE INDIAN HEALTHCARE MARKET India Spends US $ 22.7 Billion On Healthcare HEALTHCARE MARKET (2005 VS 2025) Healthcare is the third largest growth segment in India THE CURRENT STATUS OF HEALTHCARE Out of pocket semi-urban and rural expenses higher than Urban DRIVERS OF GROWTH Increasing health awareness, Increasing spends on health Health Insurance penetration Increasing disease burden lifestyle diseases Awareness of healthcare and preventive care Employer provided healthcare Community based health plans INDIA PREFERS PRIVATE PROVIDERS Private expenditure as % of total expenditure on health : 82.7 (2004) MAJOR PLAYERS Healthcare services is highly unorganised segment in India ABOUT HIMALAYA The Himalaya Drug Company was founded in 1930 by Mr. M. Manal with a clear vision to bring Ayurveda to society in a contemporary form and to unravel the mystery behind the 5000 year old system of medicine. The Himalaya Drug Company is a leader in the Indian phyto-pharmaceutical (Ayurvedic) products ever since its founder M Manal, while visiting Burma in 1930, discovered how elephants were pacified and developed the worlds first anti-hypertensive drug, Serpina. It offers a wide range of pharmaceutical, personal care, consumer and animal health products. Over 300,000 doctors around the globe have endorsed Himalayas products and consumers in over 70 countries rely on Himalaya for their health and personal care needs. The company has pioneered the use of modern science to rediscover and validate the secrets of Ayurveda, the centuries-old Indian system of medicine. It employs cutting edge-technology to create pharmaceutical-grade ayurvedic products. Himalaya is dedicated to providing the highest quality and consistency in herbal care products and the company was also awarded the ISO 9001-2000 certification in 2003. Himalaya has always focused on developing safe, natural and innovative remedies that will help people live safe and healthier lives. Himalayas history is one of innovation through research. The company believes that ideal healthcare system lies in the synergy in between ayurveda and modern science. Himalayas constant endeavour is to create innovative products that satisfy the health and personal care requirements of contemporary living. VISION To bring Ayurveda the source of natural medication, to the society in a modern-day form and to untangle the mystery behind the 5000 year old system of medicine. MISSION Establish Himalaya as a science based, problem solving holistic brand with its source entrenched in the ancestry of nature and characterized by trust and healthy lives. Not just consider the local markets but also broaden their horizons across regions (worldwide) with a long term in-depth approach, by adopting the highest ethical standards at each step. Value, consider and utilize the inputs of all the stakeholders of the Himalaya family to garner the seed to shelf policy. The focus is on adopting eco friendly practices to support the environment that we live in. The employees are expected to support the Himalayan promise of exceeding consumer expectations each and every time. PRODUCT SERVICES Himalayas products can be broadly classified into 3 main ranges viz. Healthcare Health maintenance, eye care, skin care, cardiac care, immune booster and cough control Personal Care Health care, oral care, hair care, skin care and baby care Animal Health Daily care products for sensitive cats and dogs Each of the products under the categories mentioned above are ayurvedic and have no side effects after use. Constant innovation has been the mantra of the management at Himalaya. Himalaya has had some exceptional innovative products in its product offerings that has helped it grow in stature. Some of the most successful innovations that have helped Himalaya become the leaders in Herbal Healthcare are as follows; Serpina Derived from the plant serpentina. It was a natural tranquiliser with anti-hypersensitive properties. Was the world first natural hypersensitive medicine launched in 1930. Liv. 52 An apt example of innovation at Himalaya. The RD department was given the job to come up with a natural remedy that improved liver function as that was the main concern of people then in 1950. The team came up with a natural medicine that became the hallmark of innovation. Today, 1 billion tablets and 13 million syrup bottles of Liv. 52 are sold annually across the globe. Bonnisan A sweet tasting natural paediatric digestive tonic introduced in 1972. Soon after launch it became the leading brand in its category and today is Indias number 1 paediatric digestive product. On further research in Malaysia, Bonnisan also helped cure the long standing asthama problems in several preteens. Reosto A unique herbomineral preparation that slows bone loss and strengthens bone. The plant hormones that are present present in Resto influences the bone formation and also minimizes the risk of fracture cased by osteoporosis. Menosan It is an ideal alternative to Hormone Replacement Therapy. Menosan helps women during the menopausal and post menopausal stages. The plant derived hormones i.e. phytoestrogens are completely risk free and help women cope with the menopausal discomforts and mood swings. PureHands A herbal sanitizer that kills 99.9% of the germs and prevents infection. The germicidal action on Neem, freshness of lemon and softening action of hrivera has helped this product gain acceptance in the market. Himplasia A product that was launched in 2002 to help aged men deal with the prostrate problems. This is a natural product with no side effects and men could start taking this medicine early and hence restrict the growth of the prostrate. Hair Loss Cream This product helps reduce hair loss, stimulate hair growth, increase hair thickness and improve tensile strength of hair. The regular use of this product lead to a 20% reduction in hair loss in just 2 weeks. In their effort to do something good for the society, Himalaya has also forayed into many community services and corporate citizenship programs, which are a part of their corporate social responsibility. This has been broadly classified into Health, Education, Community and Environment. Himalaya has constantly been investing in Training, Education and community welfare projects. They have taken the global cultivation practices, contract cultivation techniques and rain water harvesting techniques to the farmers. Partnerships with companies like Shristhi Special Academy (NGO) and IDEI has helped them walk an extra mile towards community services. GLOBAL PRESENCE Himalaya has grown from being an Indian Ayrvedic brand to a global player with its products being well accepted in more than 70 countries. It has a sound base in USA, Middle East, Europe and Asia and has been diversifying its base rapidly. Himalaya went onto instituting a global company in the name of Himalaya Global Holdings Ltd. which is a parent company of the Himalaya Drug Company worldwide. The company has its offices strategically located in 7 regions through which they reach across to 71 countries. One of the offices in Bangalore (India) extensively looks into the pharmaceutical operations for India, Russia and Asia Pacific while another office in Bangalore looks into only the consumer products. They have their other offices in: Europe Latvia, Middle East Dubai which also caters to the South African region U.S.A. Texas Houston which caters to USA, Canada, Mexico, South America and the Caribbean Singapore This office caters to East Asia and South Pacific Johannesburg This office caters predominantly to South Africa HIMALAYA NEW INITIATIVES Himalaya has come up with State of the art Retail Outlets that cater to only Himalaya Products. This is a strategy adopted by Himalaya to entice customers to buy more Himalaya products. This chain of exclusive Himalaya stores is a retail strategy adopted by the company to increase the accessibility, visibility and enhance the consumer shopping experience. In the fiscal year 2006, Himalaya has 92 exclusive retail stores and the number has been increasing ever since. These retail stores also act as crucial information centers where the customer queries are answered by trained managers. Also, these outlets are electronically linked to a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Cell, which is assisted by a team of medical doctors who respond to specific customer health queries. Customer Interaction Management Himalaya outsourced the entire integration project to a company called Talisman. CIM has helped Himalaya respond to the queries from the customers, doctors and distributors. The main advantage of outsourcing CIM was that they got the module up and running in 2 weeks. Hence, all the queries were catered to and the expertise of Talisman helped them build and strong and fool proof CIM. Also, the work load has been reduced as the primary scanning is done by customer service representatives of Talisman and then the calls / emails are forwarded to the in-house people. SWOT HIMALAYA Strengths Weakness Large Product Profile Presence across the globe with strong brand value Great control over the supply chain across the various countries Certifications from US Food and Drug Administration for Research and Development First company to develop 100% herbal Child Care Products. Very few suppliers for the botanical materials Lack of proper infrastructure to transport and stock the botanical raw materials Technology is older / outdated Share of India in the World Pharmaceutical Production is 1.2% which is quite low as compared to the Population which is 16.1% of world population. Opportunities Threats In international market there is high growth potential Growing demand for Ayurveda and Herbal products Unorganised rural markets with low penetration of herbal medicines Increasing use of OTC products Addition of newer markets due to globalisation High degree of competition among existing players High manufacturing and processing costs Substitutes from alternative therapies Shift from process to product patents Higher entry costs in newer markets High competition from generic products Few discoveries with high costs on RD INNOVATION THEORIES HIMALAYA The times for students of innovations have never been better more promising or more challenging. Every speech after speech at AGMs and business schools world over the word Innovation is ubiquitous. A critical goal is to apply innovation concepts to real time issues. Competitive advantage is gained and maintained through innovation. Innovations may not even have to be break through. Innovation is a change in the thought process of doing something or it is the useful application of new inventions or discoveries. Innovation can be defined as the application of knowledge to create additional value and wealth. Effective innovation is achieved by applying existing knowledge in new and different ways. Innovation can involve significant disruptive change to business and economic structures, or alternatively it can be a process of continuous and incremental business development. But what innovations really are is the truth that Innovations bring about change in the way we live life. An invention may be the creation of something that the world has never seen before but an Innovation is what helps commercialise and metamorphose that invention to become a widely used benefit

History Of Crime And Punishment

History Of Crime And Punishment Crime is defined as an act that the law makes punishable and is often called an offense. It is an offense against the public, as compared to a tort, which is a wrongdoing against an individual and gives rise to an action for damages. Crimes produce two kinds of injuries: Social and Personal. Social injury pertains to the State and it is repaired through the imposition of penalty prescribed by law, and Personal injury pertains to the offended party and it is repaired by indemnification which is civil in nature. It is precisely because of these deleterious effects that the State is empowered to make penal laws and compel its people to follow them in order to maintain peace. Crime has been in existence for a long time, although it was not called as such. In the Bible, Adam and Eve disobeyed the Lord by eating the fruit of the tree of knowledge despite an express prohibition to do so. Some may regard what they did as a crime, although against a different being. Biblical passages found in the first five books of the bible, collectively called Torah, have referred to the principle of an eye for an eye as basis of the imposition of penalty. The earliest codified set of crimes or offenses with corresponding punishment was the Code of Ur-Nammu dating back in 2050 BC. It was written in the Sumerian language and contained a list of prohibited acts with their corresponding penalty if violated. The Code had provisions on dismissal based on corruption, protection of the poor, and significantly, a system of punishment wherein the punishment for the crime committed is fair. Its name, Ur-Nammus Code, is actually a misnomer, because historians are of the opinion that his son, Shugli, is the actual author of the Code. In 1700 BC the Babylonian King, Hammurabi developed a code of laws with the principle, lex talionis (which literally means the law of retaliation), which was called the Hammurabis Code. This principle enshrined in ancient law, simply means that the offended party may return the same offending action to the origin of such act. For instance a person from one tribe kills a member of another tribe; the law allows the imposition of the same and equal penalty to the offending party, which means the offender shall be put to death. Lex talionis embodies the principle of exact retaliation. The penalty for the violation of the code was cruel, barbaric and inhumane. Theft was punished by cutting off a finger or the hand. The tongue was cut off if a person commits defamation. The judiciary is headed by a single person or a group of persons deciding on a case, not on merit or law, but on the basis of customs and tradition. In some cases, an accused was made to dive in the River Euphrates to find out if he is innocent or not. If the offender floats, it means he is innocent, therefore, he keeps his house and the accuser is put to death. However, if he drowns, it means that he is guilty and the accuser gets his house. In Ancient Greece, the penal law is described as being draconian, derived from Draco, the first Greek legislator. Laws were singled out as being merciless. Capital punishment or death was imposed for crimes, even for minor offenses. Ancient Rome had offered a more systematic system than Ancient Greece. However, the basis of penalty remained to be retribution and it was made incumbent upon the victims family to serve such punishment. Philippine Setting A system of government was already in place before the Spaniard conquered the Philippines in 1565. It was called barangay which came from the Malay word balangay which in turn meant boat. Why it was named as such is not clear, however, some historians opine that: It may be inferred that the seafaring Filipinos, to give name to their nostalgic memories as they sailed in the high seas towards the Philippine archipelago, named their villages after boats which brought them safely across the seas until they reached the Philippine Islands. The Datu was the head of the barangay. If the community was bigger, their leaders were called Rajahs. The Datu exercised Executive, Legislative and Judicial powers. Like today, both Oral and Written Laws existed. Historians had generally agreed, that the first codified set of laws in the Philippines is the Code of Kalantiyaw dating back from 1433, written by Datu Kalantiyaw. Instead of the word law, it consisted of the following orders: First Order. Ye shall not kill; neither shall ye do harm to the aged; lest ye incur the danger of death. All those who disobey shall be condemned to death by being drowned in the river or placed in boiling water. Second Order: Ye shall obey; let all your debts with the chief be met punctually. He who does not obey shall receive for the first one hundred lashes. If the debt is large, he shall be condemned to thrust his hand in thrice into boiling water. For the second time, he shall be condemned to be beaten to death. Third Order. Ye shall obey; let no one have women that are very young nor more than he can support; nor be given to excessive lust. He who shall not follow this order shall be condemned to swim for three hours for the first time, and for the second time, he shall be lacerated with thorns. Fourth Order. Observe and obey; let no one disturb the quiet of the graves. When passing by the caves and trees where they are, give respect to them. He who does not observe this shall be killed by ants, or beaten to death with thorns. Fifth Order. You shall obey; he who exchanges for food, let it be always done in accordance with his word. He who does not comply, shall be beaten for one hour, he who repeats the offense shall be exposed for one day among ants. Sixth Order. You shall be obliged to revere sights that are held in respect, such as those of trees of recognized worth and other sights. He who fails to comply shall pay with one months work in gold or in honey. Seventh Order. These shall be put to death; he who kills trees of venerable appearance; who shoot arrows at night at old men and women; he who enters the houses of the headmen without permission; he who kills a shark or a streaked cayman. Eighth Order. Slavery for a doam (a certain period of time) shall be suffered by those who steal away the women of the headmen; by him who keep ill-tempered dogs that bite the headmen; by him who burns the fields of another. Ninth Order. All these shall be beaten for two days: who sing while traveling by night; kill the Manaul; tear the documents belonging to the headmen; are malicious liars; or who mock the dead. Tenth Order. It is decreed an obligation; that every mother teach secretly to her daughters matters pertaining to lust and prepare them for womanhood; let not men be cruel nor punish their women when they catch them in the act of adultery. Whoever shall disobey shall be killed by being cut to pieces and thrown to the caymans. Eleventh Order. These shall be burned: who by their strength or cunning have mocked at and escaped punishment or who have killed young boys; or try to steal away the women of the elders. Twelfth Order. These shall be drowned: all who interfere with their superiors, or their owners or masters; all those who abuse themselves through their lust; those who destroy their anitos (religious icons) by breaking them or throwing them down. Thirteenth Order. All these shall be exposed to ants for half a day: who kill black cats during a new moon; or steal anything from the chiefs or agorangs, however small the object may be. Fourteenth Order. These shall be made slave for life: who have beautiful daughters and deny them to the sons of chiefs, and with bad faith hide them away. Fifteenth Order. Concerning beliefs and traditions; these shall be beaten: who eat the diseased flesh of beasts which they hold in respect, or the herb which they consider good, who wound or kill the young of theManaul, or the white monkey. Sixteenth Order. The fingers shall be cut-off: of all those who break anitos of wood and clay in their alangans and temples; of those who destroy the daggers of the catalonans(priest/priestess), or break the drinking jars of the latter. Seventeenth Order. These shall be killed: who profane sites where anitos are kept, and sites where are buried the sacred things of their diwatas and headmen. He who performs his necessities in those places shall be burned. Eighteenth Order. Those who do not cause these rules to be obeyed: if they are headmen, they shall be put to death by being stoned and crushed; and if they are agorangs they shall be placed in rivers to be eaten by sharks and caymans. 1433. Despite Historians belief that the Kalantiyaw was the first codified set of laws in the Philippines, in 1968, William Henry Scott, proved that it was a forgery actually made in the 20th Century. However, such fact notwithstanding, there is a consensus among them that the ancient penal laws were similar to what was allegedly written by Kalantiyaw, if not the same, cruel, inhumane and barbaric. Penalty was disproportionate to the crime committed. Disputes, whether criminal or civil, were settled either by the head of the barangay, the council of elders or through arbitration. The ancient principle of lex talionis, which had a very narrow definition of, an eye for an eye, was very much alive in the early history of the Philippines, very much like in the other parts of the world at that time. Being a colony of Spain for more than three hundred years, the laws of the Philippines are combination of common and civil laws, which were a product of the lengthy period within which the country was under the Spanish regime. Political and commercial laws follow a common law direction, and, civil and criminal laws, follow the civil law. Although long before the Spaniards came, the Philippines had a judiciary, headed by the datu, it was the conquerors who gave as an organized system. The Royal Audencia was established to function as the Supreme Court during the Spanish Colonization of the Philippines, which had the power to settle controversies, and to check the abuses of the Governor General in the Philippines. On the side of the law, the Spanish Codigo Penal was extended to the Philippines by virtue of Royal Decree of 1870. This was eventually replaced with the Spanish Penal Code of 1848, by the Comision Codificadora de las Provincias de Ultramar, which was put in place by Spanish authorities, and took effect in the Philippines in July 14, 1876. The Spanish Penal Code contained two important innovations, which our old penal system did not have: incarceration, as a form of punishment, and parole, as a form of reward for good behaviour while incarcerated. Incarceration or imprisonment is the most relevant innovation that the Spanish colonizers introduced in our penal system. It was used to detain a person under suspicion of committing a crime, and to punish, incapacitate the offender, deter from committing an offense or rehabilitate him, upon conviction. Incarceration replaced the barbaric and inhumane penalties of olden times. The capital punishment, however, remained in the penal system, but was reserved for the most gruesome crimes, such as murder. The Spanish Penal Code remained in effect during the American colonization of the Philippines. However, seeing the need for penal law change, authorities formed a Committee on Revision, the primary function of which was to revise the Penal Code put in place by the Spaniards. The 1927 Commission on Revision headed by Anacleto Diaz, Quintin PAredes, Guilermo Guevara, Alex Reyes and Mariano de Joya, as members. The Committee based the revised code on the Spanish Penal Code of 1848. On December 8, 1930, Act No. 3815 or the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines took effect; however, it did not undergo important change of orientation or structure. The Revised Penal Code remain in effect today, with substantially the same list of crimes and same fines, as the Spanish Penal Code of 1870. Punishment Punishment is an allowed and a desired form of social control, provided that it complies with the basic limitations provided for by municipal laws and relevant international laws. It is allowed to be imposed to preserve social order, which represents that state of peace and tranquillity, where individuals and groups are in keeping with the overall scheme, lending predictability to social institutions. More, importantly punishment is imposed to achieve justice. Ancient civilizations have based their concept of justice, primarily, on vengeance, retribution, and compensation. Punishment must be equal to the offense committed, such that if a person kills another, he shall be put to death as punishment for his crime. Punishment is imposed for various reasons, such as: to avenge the wrong doing against the offender, to instil fear in penalty if an offense is committed, to incapacitate the offender by keeping him detained so that he will not do any more crimes and, lastly, to reform the offender by individualizing his penalty which will, hopefully, lead to rehabilitation. These are the four philosophies of Punishment: Retribution, Deterrence, Incapacitation and Rehabilitation, respectively. In most parts of the world, retribution is the primary justification in imposing penalties. However, with the increasing respect for human dignity, restorative justice is gaining speed. Following the Enlightenment period, the value of human dignity surfaced. Immanuel Kant had said that not everything must be determined by value, dignity he says is the absolute inner value. The rising importance and awareness of human dignity resulted in the reduction of severe punishment infliction and paved way for the more modern systems of punishment such as incarceration and payment of fines for most minor offenses. The new millennium brought about divergent views on criminology. German philosopher Frederick Nietzsche in his book, The Birth of Tragedy, said, Mans highest good must be bought with a crime and paid for by the flood of grief and suffering which the offended divinities visit upon the human race in its noble ambition. Following the rise of criminology, many different views on punishment and its bases arose. In the 20th century, French philosopher and historian, Michel Foucault in his book, Discipline and Punish, made a study of criminalization or punishment as a coercive method of state control. He said that there are two types of punishment: Monarchical and Disciplinary. He said in his work that the purpose of penalty was an indefinite one, the problematization of the criminal behind his crime, the concern with a punishment that is a correction, a therapy, a normalization, the division of the act of judgement between various authorities that are supposed to measure, assess, diagnose, cure, transform individuals. According to Focault, this more modern concept of penalty being a form of correction is one of the bases of penalty. In modern times, punishment is said to be imposed for the purposes of: Retribution, Deterrence, Incapacitation and Rehabilitation. Retribution has gone a long from its ancient and very narrow definition of an eye for an eye. Such principle had since then evolved to mean, proportionality of the penalty to the gravity of the offense committed. The imposition of punishment is also seen as a deterrence in committing crimes. It is believed that by imposing a penalty for a wrongdoing, other people will not be committing crimes because of fear of having to suffer punishment. Incapacitation, on the other hand, means lessening the likelihood of the offender perpetrating an offense so you commit him in an institution. Lastly, rehabilitation is said to be one of the rationale behind the imposition of penalty. By rehabilitation it is meant that punishment must be used as an opportunity to make some positive change in the offender. Amongst the four philosophies behind the imposition of punishment, retribution is the most common justification in the imposition of penalty. Majority of the countries in the world adhere, primarily, to retributive justice, such as the Philippines, wherein retributive justice is the norm. However, due to increasing concern for human dignity, restorative justice is gaining popularity. In fact the present Constitution recognizes the need to preserve human dignity, thus: Section 11. The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for human rights. The Philippines has, likewise, adhered to such principle, imminent from its more recent legislation such as the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006, which explicitly provided for restorative justice principle. The imposition of punishment is brought about by the mandate in the constitution which provides: Section 5. The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property, and promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of democracy. In order to maintain peace and order within the territory, the State is empowered to make laws. However, such authority is not unbridled because the Constitution itself provides for a proscription on the imposition of cruel and unusual penalties, excessive fines and passing of an ex-post facto law. The same proscriptions are mirrored in the United Nations Universal Declaration on Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, to which the Philippines adhere to. Retributive justice vis-a-vis Restorative justice Retributive justice has been the primary justification of imposing punishment in most countries. It pertains to the old adage let the punishment fit the crime made popular by Cesario Beccaria or to the more popular an eye for an eye, the dominant principle during the ancient times. Retributive Justice deals with proportionality of the crime to the penalty to be imposed upon an offender. Restorative Justice, on the other hand, deals with individualizing the penalty given to a wrongdoer, keeping in mind that something must be done for the offender in order to reform him and keep him from doing crimes and to effectively reintegrate him to society. Rehabilitation, reformation and reintegration are basic premises. The rising interest on Restorative justice is brought about by the increased valuation and respect for human dignity. The fundamental premise in a retributive paradigm is that crimes are injuries against the state, while restorative justice emphasizes that crimes are more than offenses against the state, but primarily are violations against people and relationships. In the retributive model, a determination of blame and administration of blame is involved. On the other hand, in restorative justice, the interested parties, namely the offender, offended party and the community, action, reconciliation and reassurance. In retributive system, determination about whether a crime was committed, who did it and how should he be punished are the basic questions. It focuses on the offender and the crime that was committed and the penalty that the state must impose. Similarly, restorative justice is concerned with accountability, albeit primarily to the offended party and the community, and not to the State. Statement of the Problem Between the Retributive justice principles and Restorative justice paradigm, which is better suited for the Philippines? What is more in keeping with the general welfare? Which between retributive and restorative justice effectively addresses the value of human dignity despite it being a punishment? Consequently, will the new paradigm work, if there is indeed a shift from retributive paradigm to restorative justice? II. Objectives of the Study The objective of this study is to re-examine the retributive justice theory as the primary justification of imposing penalty, in light of the constitutional obligation of the State in affording the utmost respect for human dignity and human rights. Also, this study aims to determine, by comparing their values and principles, which between Retributive Justice and Restorative Justice is a better fit, as basis of imposing penalty, in light of the constitutional provisions as well as international instruments to which the Philippines is a signatory. Lastly, to determine the effectivity of using Restorative Justice, as basis of penalty, by examining countries which have adapted its principles. III. Significance of the Study The re-examination of the philosophies of punishment embodied in our penal laws will determine whether the current legal framework complies with the changes in the relevant laws which it is dependent upon. Upon the determination of compliance or non-compliance, necessary penal law reforms may be suggested to best conform to the changes. IV. Scope and Limitations The study will focus only on Retributive and Restorative Justice principles, concerning criminal matters only. The study will focus on the 1987 Constitution, specifically the provisions on the duty of the state to maintain peace and order, respect human dignity and proscription on cruel and unusual penalties and excessive an only and several fines, applicable penal laws , such as: the Revised Penal Code, the Death Penalty Law, Indeterminate Sentence Law, Probation Law and Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act, respectively. The study will make use of Supreme Court decisions, pronouncements which have touch upon Retributive and Restorative principles. To better understand the development of Retributive and Restorative justice, the use of foreign materials, American jurisprudence and International laws shall be extensively used. Non-legal books and other reference materials were utilized. V. Methodology/Organization of Thesis The proponent primarily used the library in the Ateneo Professional Schools, the Rizal Library in the Loyola Schools, as well as that of the Miguel de Benavides Library of the University of Santo Tomas in Manila. Materials from the Internet were also used, as well as Academic Papers, Journals and legislative documents or papers. Interview with a reputable authority in Criminal law was also conducted. This thesis shall be organized by chapters. The first chapter shall be the introductory chapter, which contains the background, objectives and significance of the study, the scope and limitations, and the methodology or the organization of the thesis. The background provides a brief discussion of the factual milieu of the study, which is done by providing a historical background and the current state of things. The objectives and significance will catalogue what the proponent seeks to achieve and what impact it will bring to the society. The limitations will set forth the constraints and applicability of the study. The second chapter is fully devoted to the purpose, scope, limitations, and sources of Criminal Law in the Philippines. A discussion of crime, punishment and the Revised Penal Code was also done. The third chapter contains an in depth discussion of the Retributive Justice Paradigm. The fourth chapter contains an examination of the Restorative Justice Philosophy. The fifth chapter contains the analysis of the author, after taking into consideration the relevant laws, international instruments and other material documents. Finally, chapter six contains the authors conclusion and recommendation. VI. Definition of Terms As found in the study, the following shall mean: a. Code: when used in a sentence shall pertain to the Revised Penal Code. b. Crime: for the purposes of the discussion, crimes shall be used synonymously with felony or offense. c. Felony: for the purposes of the discussion, felonies shall be used synonymously with offense or crime. d. Law: when used in a sentence, it shall pertain to the Revised Penal Code. e. Offense: for the purposes of the discussion, offenses shall be used synonymously with felony or crime.

Why I liked the Movie In And Out :: essays papers

Why I liked the Movie "In And Out" The idea of a man coming to terms with his sexuality is always one that is relevant in our American culture. Its sad to know that in this day in age of advanced technology on society will always be hung up of the life style and preference of other individuals. "In And Out" as a movie did a good job at addressing this issue and making it light hearted enough for people to see, and possibly under stand. I’m sure that we all known some one in some way that we’ve thought to be homosexual: or at least we’ve considered them to be "Feminine" for a guy or to "Masculine" for a girl. With this we have our "doubts." With this movie taking place in a "Typical" suburban city it gives every one a chance to relate with the characters, from the high schools students all the way to the elderly grand parents. This allows the main character to touch the lives of every one. It also shows a little of why he cannot admit to himself his sexuality. He lives his entire life trying to live up to expectations of his community. However he doses know that within his true self needs to escape and some time dose, with his fascination for Barbara Strisand and other typical homosexual interest. However he miserably fails the "man" requirements but dose make the scene very funny. Howard, the movies main character is engaged to a beautiful woman, who becomes confused about her fiancà ©e when the first accusation of Howard’s homosexuality comes out. Howard is a school teacher but when the roomer starts his students don’t know how to react, they don’t know if its "True" or not However a few of them are mature enough to still accept and appreciate the help he has given them through the years. From helping them with schoolwork to helping them get to college, his good natured heart never lets them down. Howard’s mother is typical of most mothers in the way she’s so adamant about, how she wants to see a big wedding before she dies. This is also another reason Howard attempts to oppress his sexuality. He feels that he must give his parents what they want. This is some thing that I am sure most of us can all relate too.

Free Essays - Achieving Understanding in Amy Tans Joy Luck Club :: Joy Luck Club Essays

Achieving Understanding in Amy Tan's Joy Luck Club In Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club the daughters are too young and naive to understand their mothers and the hardship they faced. But by the end on the novel the daughters are able to understand where their mothers came from through stories and experiences the mothers tell the daughters their background. This shows that the daughters overall understood the mothers better because through time they were able to experience some of the same conflicts giving them a better understanding. While Jing-Mei Woo is only one of four young women whose stories integrate the novel, her story makes her seem to be the initial character, especially since her tale not only begins and ends the novel, but also strongly develops the theme and plot of the entire book. Her mother, Suyuan Woo was very concerned with people and things they lacked, "Something was always missing...always needed improvements...not in balance" (19). This reveals that Suyuan is lacking something herself and feels not good enough for her family. We later discover her past and the twin girls she left behind in China. This past life draws readers and makes the story more interesting but a little confusing at the same time. This past comes back to Jing-Mei when her mother dies and Jing-Mei begins to understand how hard it is to let go of the people you love, which makes her become more open, understanding and mature. She lost a mother she got to share her life with, but like her half sisters, they did n't understand their mother until she was gone to share the experience of being reunited. In a sense, her spirit was there to capture their happiness of finally meeting one another. Although Waverly Jong is perceived in being an intelligent, ambitious, proud, and arrogant, she is constantly struggling with everything that happens in her life. Her unwillingness to adapt to change becomes a major conflict. "Bite back your tongue"(89) her mother's harshness on her while growing up may have caused her lack of self-confidence foiled but assurance. Not only that caused her to resent her mother but the way she introduced her to perfect strangers, "This is my daughter Waver-ly Jong"(101) just to tell people or make reference to the TIME article on Waverly cause her to become upset.

River Phoenix - My Favorite Famous Person :: essays research papers

Do you like to see the movies? Do you know the most handsome boy in Hollywood? Though the handsome boy that everyone thinks can be different , I think that River Phoenix is the movie star who is just the right man who sparkled in Hollywood even if he doesn’t exist in this world and there are a large number of actors and they appear in the future. Why he is famous is because of his too early death and because he played brilliant roles in many movies for his short life. When I saw his movie for the first time, I’ve got crush on him. I think that he had something special which appeal to us. At first, his background is interesting. He was born on August 23, 1970 in a small house in Oregon. He was firstborn child of five children. During his childhood, his parents joined a cult known as the children of God and traveled extensively until when they heard disturbing news about the leader. Since then, as they weren’t protected by the church any more and were in a desperate struggle to make ends meet, River, at age five, often sang and played music in the streets to earn the money. In the early morning of October 31, 1993, River took a lethal dose of a mix of drugs and died on the sidewalk outside. He was only 23 years old. Second, he achieved success in many movies and received many awards. At the age of 10, he started to play on TV shows and his first appearing in film is â€Å"Explorers† in 1985. The next movie which is most famous of his movies and led him to be a star is â€Å"Stand By Me†. The story is about four boys’ journey to find the body missing. He was cast as Chris Chambers. He got a lot of acclaim for his acting and the movie was the hit of the year. Through this movie, everyone knew that he would be one of the best actors of his generation. In closing, I believe that he is still one of the best actors and the most attractive actor because he left the fabulous movies and there are many fans who are fascinated with him.

Non Renewable Energy Sources Environmental Sciences Essay

Electricity can be generated by firing fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas. Fossil fuels are burned and the heat produced is used to bring forth steam that drives turbines which run electrical generators. Coal is the most frequently used of these fuels because it is readily available, with big sedimentations all over the universe. There are rich coal sedimentations in the north western parts of South Africa, nevertheless, the remainder of Africa has really limited supplies. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources and at the current rate of coal ingestion, universe militias are predicted to last about 200 old ages ( Breeze, 2005: 18 ) which has lead to the on-going development of new methods of electricity production concentrating on renewable resources. Despite this, the bulk of electricity production throughout the universe depends on coal. Coal has a figure of advantages, being the cheapest dodo fuel, nevertheless, it is expensive to transport and produces big measures of byproducts when burned. These byproducts include ash, N oxides and C dioxide, which have caused environmental harm worldwide. Coal excavation disturbs big home grounds and can hold a negative consequence on land and surface H2O ( Miller, 2005: 77 ) . As a consequence of the environmental impact, engineering has been developed to take some of the emanations of coal burning and power workss now adhere to strict environmental ordinances. This has increased the cost of constructing coal-burning power workss, but coal still remains the cheapest method of electricity coevals. Harmonizing to the official web site of Eskom, the largest manufacturer of electricity in Africa, 77 % of South Africa ‘s electricity is dependent on coal-burning power Stationss like the Arnot Power Station in Mpumalanga. Nuclear power is a controversial method of electricity coevals. When the karyon of big atoms split, they release monolithic sums of energy that can be used to bring forth steam and thrust turbines and electrical generators. This is known as atomic fission. Nuclear merger, whereby little atoms are fused together, besides releases big sums of energy. Catastrophic accidents in the yesteryear have lead to stringent safety ordinances being implemented in atomic power workss. This has lengthened the clip it takes to build these installations every bit good as increased the costs well ( Breeze, 2005: 249 ) . On the one manus, atomic energy has the disadvantage of toxic waste as a byproduct. To this twenty-four hours, there is no effectual manner of disposing of atomic waste. On the other manus, atomic power Stationss emit no harmful gases into the ambiance, but as of yet, merely a little per centum of the Earth ‘s uranium militias are being utilized for electricity coevals ( Suppes & A ; Storvick, 2007: 54 ) . Uranium is the most normally used component for atomic fission. South Africa boasts the lone atomic power Stationss in Africa at the minute and has tremendous militias of U for atomic fission. Eskom feels this makes South Africa an ideal topographic point to work atomic energy despite the high cost of waste disposal and safety systems, every bit good as the negative public perceptual experience.Renewable Energy BeginningsHydropower is a really undervalued renewable energy beginning due to the big environmental impact of constructing hydroelectric dikes that displace wildlife and disrupt the flow of rivers. This can irreversibly change ecosystems, nevertheless, proper planning of these installations can cut down this environmental impact drastically. Despite the environmental impact, they can still turn out to be good. Hydropower is one of the cheapest beginnings of electricity ( Breeze, 2005: 104 ) . Most of the states on Earth have the possible to profit from hydropower, nevertheless, in order to use hydropower efficaciously, a good site is needed. Sites can change greatly and installations must, hence, be site specific. These sites are normally located far from the country where the electricity is distributed and as a consequence, a good transmittal system must be taken into history when constructing power workss of this nature. The effectivity of a hydroelectric installation depends on the gradient and the volumetric flow rate of the river on which it is built. These locations are normally unaccessible, increasing the cost of building. Hydroelectric installations can either utilize the flowing of a river to drive hydraulic turbines or they can make a reservoir from which to pull H2O to power the turbines. The usage of these methods depends on whether the river flows at a comparatively changeless rate or non. This electricity coevals technique is really flexible, as the end product of dikes can be ramped up or down to suit differen t energy demands. Once built, these installations besides produce no direct waste and have low emanations of harmful gases. The Drakensburg Pumped Storage Scheme is an illustration of hydropower usage in South Africa, However, being a semi-arid state, Eskom states that hydro power is non executable due to the inevitable environmental impact of disrupting the flow of the few possible rivers South Africa has for this intent. Pressure differences in the atmosphere consequence in air current which can exercise a force on and impel turbines. The turbine blades gain mechanical energy when they are rotated and this energy is transferred to an electrical generator. Wind power is already efficaciously utilized in some parts of the universe. In Africa, it has been estimated that air current power could bring forth 10,600 terawatt hours per twelvemonth ( Breeze, 2005: 153 ) and this sum will increase as wind turbines become more efficient. However, the chief restriction of air current power is that it requires big sums of land to be effectual. Higher air current velocities allow greater energy coevals, doing offshore wind farms appealing, nevertheless, the cost of constructing offshore is greater. The tallness of turbines is besides of import as air current velocities vary with tallness. Many turbines have a minimal air current velocity below which they cease to be economical. Accepted wind velocities are normall y from 5 to 6.5 metres per second ( Breeze, 2005: 155 ) . A feasible site for air current farms must besides be level, as uneven terrain can do turbulency which may take to damage of the turbine blades. Making the turbine towers taller reduces the effects of turbulency, by traveling the turbine blades above the turbulent air, but at greater disbursal. Offshore wind turbines must besides be raised above the maximal tallness of the moving ridges. Wind farms have really small environmental impact, utilizing a renewable resource and bring forthing clean energy, but they can make noise and may be unattractive. South Africa ‘s E and west seashores would be ideal for working air current power, and Eskom is executing feasibleness surveies to find whether the benefits outweigh the costs. Most of the energy exploited by adult male can be attributed to solar energy in some signifier or another, with the exclusion of atomic energy, tidal power and geothermic energy ( Breeze, 2005: 184 ) . These derivations of solar energy are all used to bring forth electricity, nevertheless, solar energy can be used for this intent straight every bit good. Heat from the Sun can be used to drive heat engines or, by utilizing semiconducting materials in solar cells, sunlight can be converted straight into electrical energy. The Sun provides an huge sum of energy that surpasses all other energy beginnings on Earth, despite us merely being able to tackle a fraction of the energy available. Solar energy has the largest energy potency of all renewable energy beginnings ( Shioshansi, 2009: 272 ) . Solar power workss require really small land relation to hydroelectric dikes. A good site for solar power workss requires frequent Sun exposure and small cloud screen. Brighter sunlight consequences in increased energy end product. Solar panels that harness solar energy are really various and can be included in the building of edifices. The chief disadvantage of solar energy is that it can merely be harnessed when the Sun is reflecting, hence, hive awaying energy becomes an of import factor to see when utilizing this energy coevals technique. Solar cells have a really simple design, but they are expensive to do, so care must besides be done often to guarantee maximal effectivity. Despite the evident advantages of solar energy, it is hardly used around the universe, nevertheless, this is quickly altering. South Africa has one of the highest solar irradiation degrees in the universe, harmonizing to Eskom, doing it an ideal topographic point to work solar energy for electricity coevalsDeveloping Energy BeginningsTidal power Stationss use the rise and autumn of the tide to bring forth electricity. These installations must be built across estuaries and have many restrictions. This method of electricity coevals is merely effectual in topographic points where there is a important difference in tallness between high and low tide. The cost of constructing tidal power Stationss is besides excessively high to warrant their building in most instances ( Breeze, 2005: 122 ) , doing them wasteful. South Africa has many estuaries but the height difference between tides is about two metres, which would non bring forth a important sum of electricity. Tidal power is, hence, impracticable in South Africa. However, there are other methods of bring forthing electricity utilizing the ocean. The difference in temperature between H2O of different deepnesss can drive a heat engine to bring forth utile work in the signifier of electricity. These temperature differences are normally excessively little for this method to be executable. Larger temperature differences are favored by heat engines and the effectivity of this procedure is, hence, marginally increased closer to the Torrid Zones. Despite all of its disadvantages, the engineering is still undergoing much development because of its possible to run continuously. The motion of moving ridges and submarine currents can besides drive hydraulic turbines to bring forth energy. South Africa has about 2,800 kilometres of coastline which has the potency for use of ocean power. However, the engineering is really new and, hence, the cost and environmental impact of ocean power installations is non yet known. Eskom is busy carry oning research as to whether ocean power is a executable beginning of energy in South Africa. Geothermal energy consequences from heat in the mantle of the Earth radiating towards its crust. This energy can be used to bring forth electricity, but at that place exist merely a few parts on Earth with temperatures high plenty and near plenty to the Earth ‘s surface. The heat from the Earth is used to make steam which can drive turbines that supply energy to electrical generators. Geothermal energy is thought to be a renewable beginning of energy, but this is non needfully true. The heat used for electricity coevals is non replaced, nevertheless, the sum of heat used is negligible in comparing to the sum of heat contained within the Earth. Although geothermic energy has been used for a long clip, the engineering is still being developed in order to go a more effectual beginning of electricity. It has the advantages of being inexpensive and can be exploited easy. Geothermal energy is one of the cleanest signifiers of energy because of the comparative absence of any atmospher ic emanations ( Breeze, 2005: 171 ) . Hot springs and geysers are a good mark of a potentially feasible site for a geothermic power works. Hot springs and geysers are a good mark of a potentially feasible site for a geothermic power works. Higher temperature heat reservoirs are better for working geothermic energy, but are normally deeper down which consequences in higher costs. However, these heat reservoirs can be depleted over clip if the fluids in the reservoir are non replaced. The clip it takes for a reservoir to go low can change greatly, but with the right direction they can be maintained for long periods of clip. If managed falsely, geothermic power workss can hold black effects on the environment. This is chiefly due to pollution of land H2O and take downing the H2O tabular array. Some environmental impacts are ineluctable, but the impact of geothermic workss are normally restricted to the immediate milieus of the works ( DiPippo, 2008: 386 ) unlike traditional power works s. The temperature ranges used in geothermic power workss are much lower compared to traditional power workss, nevertheless, ensuing in a lower energy transition efficiency. Geothermal sites can change greatly and installations, hence, have to be built harmonizing to the conditions of a specific site. South Africa has feasible chances for the usage of geothermic power, but as of yet, no large-scale geothermic energy coevals exists in South Africa ( Smit, 2010 ) .