Change in Roman Fever by Edith Wharton Essay -- Coincedence Edith Whar

Change in Roman Fever by Edith WhartonChance (or coincidence) has an uncertain role in the outcome ofdifferent situations it can work in or against ones favour. As inreal life, happen in literature has considerable influence on thecircumstances of the characters and where those circumstances lead. In two particular literary works, Roman Fever and A Small, Good Thing,chance happenings have grave results on the lives of the charactersconcerned. In Roman Fever, old friends meet by chance and revealdisturbing secrets intimately the past while in A Small, Good Thing a boyis injured on his birthday placing his parents in a desperatesituation. Although chance generally seems to go unheededaspontaneous purchase of candles, followed by a power failuretheimpact it makes is often not so subtle. Edith Wharton, author of Roman Fever, depicts two hurrying class womenfriends one, Mrs. Slade, fiercely jealous of the other and the other,Mrs. Ansley, pitiful of her childhood friend. The depiction is realin that it epitomizes the American upper class wiferesponsibilitiesinclude make the husband happy and entertaining his guests atypical day may consists of shopping, lunch and the exchange ofrumours with the other wives of other rich husbands in essence, theywaste past the time until the rich husband arrives home from work oruntil he makes a request. Mrs. Slade, in reflection, felt a certainconjugal pride about being such a wife (Wharton, 84). The mostprominent aspect of such individuals presented by Wharton is the limitin which they will endeavour to undermine even off a supposed friend toachieve an end, generally the richest husband. And, of course, withsuch rules of play, one needs all the ... ...mall, GoodThing, while its effects were tragic it also had a few positiveimplications. However, the same aspect of chance holds true in bothcases though its effects rarely go unnoticed, its role in events some always do. If it were at all anticipatory Alida would havepondered the possibility of Grace responding to the letter and Annwould have dropped her son at school that day. Indeed, if chance werepredictable it would costless its very nature its swaying force would befutile and life would go on otherwise unruffled.Works CitedCarver, Raymond. A Small, Good Thing. A Pocket Anthology thirdEd. R.S. Gwynn. New York Longman, 2002. 304-326.Chance. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English LanguageFourth Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000. www.atomica.com.Wharton, Edith. Roman Fever. A Pocket Anthology Third Ed. 81-93.

Street Racing Essay -- Racing Sport Sports Cars Essays

Street RacingThe intricacies that are elusive in turning a regular car into a Street racing car are m both and racers pour their souls into these magnificent machines. After seeing the Fast and the Furious many people have or wanted to become involved in street racing. They do not realize that this is a sport that takes knowledge, hard work, and nerve. Many of these racers have spent their lives under a car, learning the divvy up and improving upon it. As I have learned, this is not just a hobby it is a way of life. This lifestyle does carry a price, racers face persecution from practice of law and the general public. They have their cars impounded and defaced by those who reject racing. Having a racer is not illegal, but some of the things people do with them are. This is what the general public does not understand. The angriness* is a legal racing circuit that embraces Street Racers. It gives the much-needed outlet to build magnificent cars and race them leg all in ally. Poli ce are not the only worry on a racers mind. Death, fraud, and theft are the dark side of this moon. Some racers lack legitimate funds for equipment, and they resort to theft and fraud. This is where the misconceptions of the general public resonate. Yes there is moodyensive activity and laws are broken, but in everything there is a good and bad. So I warn anyone who pursues this life, enjoy the good, and be ready for the bad. What drives these racers to this lifestyle? They have an dependance to speed. The six-cylinder engine fuels this need for speed. Some may think that their two hundred thousand dollar car is fast, with these engine modifications will have an Accord blowing the doors off a Ferrari. The six-cylinder engine has six pistons pumping in six cylinders hence, the name. Fuel is injected and burned causing gas compression (picture a shaken soda bottle). This compression forces the pistons up and down that move your car. With compression in the cylinder, the Turbo comes into play. If two balloons were filled with air, one half and the other full, which would go faster? This is the job of the Turbo. Burning requires air, and when you introduce more than air a fire is larger and hotter. It forces compressed air into the engine, letting it burn more air each time the pistons pump increasing tramp**. There is a draw gumption to more air, more heat in the engine. Heat in the engine makes the air d... ...d slows, this is how the spoiler helps. To add more push to the back of the car, the angle and height of the spoiler is increased. This is why some normal cars have little spoiler for show and racers use them for performance. There is a problem to adding all of these parts to a car, weight. As I have said the racers have adapted to this problem. They have lightened their cars by using carbon-fiber** parts.4 They are strong and half as light at metal, so racers can add these parts and not desex dragged downliterally. A warning to those who read this , do not get dragged down into the dark side of racing. Racing on streets is dangerous. If you enhance a car like this, it should be raced only on a legal strip. A ten-second rush is not worth killing yourself or others. Work hard and be fair. If you do this you will always win. I hope to have helped any curious person who wanted to know how people make these racers. I wanted to dispel the stereotypes of racers and their lifestyle. Yes, some of this lifestyle is dark but most racers are kids who love cars. They whole-heartedly adopt the dogma that, Nothing else matters, and for those ten seconds or less theyre free. 5

Overview of the Sport Softball Essay -- essays research papers

George Hancocks first intention was to come up with a way for base globe players to stay in practice during the winter. Instead, on September 16, 1887 in Chicago, he invented a whole new sport, the first version of softball. It was referred to then as just Indoor Baseball. The first game of baseball consisted of a boxing glove tied into a ball and a broom handle which was used as the bat. After the game was successful with a score of 44-40, Hancock developed a ball and a bat that could be used to play the game. The new sport was moved outside the conterminous year. Another version of softball came about when Lewis Rober, Sr. organized an outdoor game to be used as exercise for firefighters. It was called kitten ball, pumpkin ball, or diamond ball. His game used a ball with a circumference of 12 inches whereas Hancocks game used a ball with a circumference of 16 inches. When sports that were fairly the same were being played all over with different rules and names, the Joint Rules Co mmittee on Softball was formed and standardized the rules and the name, Softball.The rules of softball batch be easily altered yet there are some basic rules no matter how it is played. It is a strike if a legally toss ball is swung at and missed by a batter or when a foul ball is not caught when the batter has less than two strikes. A ball is called when a legally pitched ball does not enter the strike zone or passs the ground before reaching the home plate, provided only if the batter had not attempted to swing. A ball is also called when the pitch is illegal. The batter must always run when a fair ball is hit. If a fair ball or foul ball is caught by an opponent before it hits the ground, the batter is out. When four b... ..., fair ball, is a batted ball is hit into fair territory. Fair territory is the part of the playing field within and including first base and third base foul lines from home base to the understructure of the playing field. A foul ball is a ball that is hit into foul territory. A dead ball is a ball that is not in play. Any ball that is hit into the air is called a fly ball. The strike zone is the space over the home-plate, which is between the batters armpits and the top of the knees when the batter is in batting position. An overthrow is a play in which a ball is thrown from one fielder to another to try to retire a base-runner who hasnt gotten to or is by a base. The team in the field is called the defensive team. The team at bat is called the offensive team. The batting order is the official listing of offensive players in the order to go up to bat.

The Divine Secrets Of The Ya Ya Sisterhood Essay examples -- essays re

Rebecca well paints a picture of the various roles that women often must encounter in their lives mother, daughter, friend. As said by Charlotte Observer "She Wells speaks eloquently to what it means to be a mother, a daughter, a wife-and somehow, at last, a person." Wells uses a entrance style to create a simple plot, memorable symbolism and a reoccurring theme of friendship. The Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood teaches ab knocked out(p) the importance of giving and receiving passionateness and decision joy in everyday life history.The simplistic plot of the novel and the overall theme of love allows the author to span the lives of the main characters. The reader sees the span of the life of 2 of the main characters, Sidda and her mother Vivi, as they struggle to love each other based on their own childhood experiences. The reader also sees our two main characters in parallel encountering love and affairs of the heart yet the most powerful love throughout the book is the love of four friends who start out together through the good and the bad. Vivi loves the Ya-Yas as adolescents they are looking for love and someone to look up to. Vivi didnt know how to love Sidda because Vivis mother didnt know how to love her therefore, Sidda doesnt know how to love Connor because she has never experienced love and is now afraid to be in love. The informality of the novel is that everyone is always looking to be loved. The simplicity is that in real life people are always searching to be loved, or finding love. Near the beginning of the novel when the ya-yas are in their adolescence as young girls, going through the normal obstacles of childhood- fighting with their parents, getting into mischief, smoking and prison-breaking curfew- they realize that by sticking together they digest get through anything. They formalize this bond with a ceremony early on, "I am a member of the royal and true tribe of the Ya-YasI do solemnly swear to be loyal siste r Ya-Yas, and to love and look out for them, and never forsake them through thick and thin, until I take my last human breath" (Wells 71). Wells shows the reader that the inability to show love can be passed down through generations Sidda expresses to Connor why she is afraid to marry him, "She Vivi didnt know how to love me, so I dont know how to love you" (Wells 284). Sidda is saying that her mother couldnt ... ...and that it really was their friendship that guided them through their whole life. And that together they really were all one. "I see lightness and ease. I see suffering somewhere in my mothers Vivi eyes, but also I feel the camaraderie, laughter, friendship" (Wells 313). The Ya-Yas are very often at ease giving love to each other. That is what helped them to sustain their friendship for so long and helped them throughout their lives to love each other.Through the lives of five prodigious women Sidda, Vivi, Caro, Necie and Teensy, Wells uses a capt ivating style to create a simple plot. Memorable symbolism and the reoccurring themes of friendship and love in the novel The Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood. Wells shows the reader that love and friendship, even in the smallest form, can sustain through tragedy and triumph-the bonds of the Ya-Yas. Works CitedPrimary SourceWells, Rebecca. The Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood. New York New York harpist Collins Publishers, 1996.Secondary SourceWells, Rebecca. The Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood. New York New York Harper Collins Publishers, 1996.

Alcoholism Essay -- Alcohol Addiction Dependence

AlcoholismAlcohol Dependence is a disease characterized by a strong lead or compulsion to alcohol addiction, the frequent unfitness to stop drinking once a person has begun, the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms (nausea, sweating, shakiness) when lush drink use is stopped after a period of heavy drinking, and the need for increasing amounts of alcohol in order to feel an affect. Most experts agree that drinking is a disease just as high blood pressure, diabetes and arthritis are diseases. Like these other diseases, alcoholism tends to run in the family. Drinking alcohol is not the only factor that leads to alcoholism, it is a chronic disease that leaves an everlasting emergence on the persons life and his family. The basic difference between the social juice reamer and the hard is the way he drinks and the effect alcohol has on him. How much a person consumes is not the determining factor. An alcoholic might not have drink for a month, but when he does, he cannot stop. A soci al toper could have a drink a number of times per week. That does not suck in him alcoholic. A problem reamer drinks to escape from unpleasant realities whereas the social drinker drinks to complement an event. The alcoholic becomes both physically and psychologically addicted to alcohol. The social drinker does not. Therefore, I have been researching to gather the facts that distinguish a social drinkers and an alcoholic and what divides people into these two categories. In other words, why do people be to these two categories have different effects on them? Alcoholism 2is a disease and that is why alcohol has different effects o... ...tedHanna, Eleanor & Grant, Bridget. Alcoholism. clinical and experimental Research 1999 p513-22. Lieb, J. & Young, P. TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISM AS A CHRONIC DISORDER. EXS 1994 349-59 Martin, dupe & Martin, B etty. The Ultimate Wine Book. California Pine Cone Press, 1993.Miller, K. A Case-Specific Approach to the manipulation of Alcoholism. diary of Substance Abuse Treatment 1994 35-44. Niemela, O. Oral Nalmefence HCL for Alcohol Dependence. Alcoholism, Clinical & Experimental Research 2006 1162-7.Parker, Frederick. A Comparison of the Sex Temperament of Alcoholics and Moderate Drinkers. American Sociological Review, Vol. 24 January, 1959 366-374.Ries, Janet. Public Acceptance of the Disease Concept of Alcoholism. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 18, No. 3 Sep., 1977 338-344. Alcoholism Essay -- Alcohol Addiction DependenceAlcoholismAlcohol Dependence is a disease characterized by a strong need or compulsion to drink, the frequent inability to stop drinking once a person has begun, the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms (nausea, sweating, shakiness) when alcohol use is stopped after a period of heavy drinking, and the need for increasing amounts of alcohol in order to feel an affect. Most experts agree that alcoholism is a disease just as high blood pressure, diabetes and arthritis are diseases. Like these other diseases, alcoholism tends to run in the family. Drinking alcohol is not the only factor that leads to alcoholism, it is a chronic disease that leaves an everlasting effect on the persons life and his family. The basic difference between the social drinker and the alcoholic is the way he drinks and the effect alcohol has on him. How much a person consumes is not the determining factor. An alcoholic might not have drink for a month, but when he does, he cannot stop. A social drinker could have a drink a number of times per week. That does not make him alcoholic. A problem drinker drinks to escape from unpleasant realities whereas the social drinker drinks to complement an event. The alcoholic becomes both physically and psychologically addicted to alcohol. The social drinker does not. Therefore, I have been researching to gathe r the facts that distinguish a social drinkers and an alcoholic and what divides people into these two categories. In other words, why do people belonging to these two categories have different effects on them? Alcoholism 2is a disease and that is why alcohol has different effects o... ...tedHanna, Eleanor & Grant, Bridget. Alcoholism. Clinical and Experimental Research 1999 p513-22. Lieb, J. & Young, P. TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISM AS A CHRONIC DISORDER. EXS 1994 349-59 Martin, Don & Martin, Betty. The Ultimate Wine Book. California Pine Cone Press, 1993.Miller, K. A Case-Specific Approach to the Treatment of Alcoholism. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 1994 35-44. Niemela, O. Oral Nalmefence HCL for Alcohol Dependence. Alcoholism, Clinical & Experimental Research 2006 1162-7.Parker, Frederick. A Comparison of the Sex Temperament of Alcoholics and Moderate Drinkers. American Sociological Review, Vol. 24 January, 1959 366-374.Ries, Janet. Public Acceptance of the Disease Concept of Alcoholism. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 18, No. 3 Sep., 1977 338-344.

Alcoholism Essay -- Alcohol Addiction Dependence

alcoholic drink addictionalcoholic beverage Dependence is a disorder characterized by a strong need or compulsion to drink, the patronage inability to stop drinking once a person has begun, the occurrence of insularity symptoms (nausea, sweating, shakiness) when alcohol use is stopped after a period of labored drinking, and the need for increasing amounts of alcohol in order to feel an affect. Most experts halt that alcoholism is a disease just as high crinkle pressure, diabetes and arthritis are diseases. Like these other diseases, alcoholism tends to run in the family. Drinking alcohol is not the only factor that leads to alcoholism, it is a chronic disease that leaves an ceaseless effect on the persons life and his family. The basic difference between the accessible imbiber and the alcoholic is the way he drinks and the effect alcohol has on him. How much(prenominal) a person consumes is not the determining factor. An alcoholic might not ingest drink for a month, but when he does, he cannot stop. A friendly drinker could have a drink a number of times per week. That does not make him alcoholic. A problem drinker drinks to escape from unpleasant realities whereas the cordial drinker drinks to complement an event. The alcoholic becomes both physically and psychologically addicted to alcohol. The neighborly drinker does not. Therefore, I have been researching to gather the facts that distinguish a social drinkers and an alcoholic and what divides populate into these two categories. In other words, why do people belonging to these two categories have different effects on them? Alcoholism 2is a disease and that is why alcohol has different effects o... ...tedHanna, Eleanor & Grant, Bridget. Alcoholism. clinical and Experimental Research 1999 p513-22. Lieb, J. & Young, P. TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISM AS A continuing DISORDER. EXS 1994 349-59 Martin, Don & Martin, Betty. The Ultimate Wine Book. California Pine Cone Press, 1993.Miller, K. A Case-Specific attack to the Treatment of Alcoholism. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 1994 35-44. Niemela, O. Oral Nalmefence HCL for Alcohol Dependence. Alcoholism, Clinical & Experimental Research 2006 1162-7.Parker, Frederick. A Comparison of the Sex Temperament of Alcoholics and jibe Drinkers. American Sociological Review, Vol. 24 January, 1959 366-374.Ries, Janet. Public Acceptance of the Disease model of Alcoholism. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 18, No. 3 Sep., 1977 338-344. Alcoholism Essay -- Alcohol Addiction DependenceAlcoholismAlcohol Dependence is a disease characterized by a strong need or compulsion to drink, the frequent inability to stop drinking once a person has begun, the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms (nausea, sweating, shakiness) when alcohol use is stopped after a period of heavy drinking, a nd the need for increasing amounts of alcohol in order to feel an affect. Most experts agree that alcoholism is a disease just as high blood pressure, diabetes and arthritis are diseases. Like these other diseases, alcoholism tends to run in the family. Drinking alcohol is not the only factor that leads to alcoholism, it is a chronic disease that leaves an everlasting effect on the persons life and his family. The basic difference between the social drinker and the alcoholic is the way he drinks and the effect alcohol has on him. How much a person consumes is not the determining factor. An alcoholic might not have drink for a month, but when he does, he cannot stop. A social drinker could have a drink a number of times per week. That does not make him alcoholic. A problem drinker drinks to escape from unpleasant realities whereas the social drinker drinks to complement an event. The alcoholic becomes both physically and psychologically addicted to alcohol. The social drinker does no t. Therefore, I have been researching to gather the facts that distinguish a social drinkers and an alcoholic and what divides people into these two categories. In other words, why do people belonging to these two categories have different effects on them? Alcoholism 2is a disease and that is why alcohol has different effects o... ...tedHanna, Eleanor & Grant, Bridget. Alcoholism. Clinical and Experimental Research 1999 p513-22. Lieb, J. & Young, P. TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISM AS A CHRONIC DISORDER. EXS 1994 349-59 Martin, Don & Martin, Betty. The Ultimate Wine Book. California Pine Cone Press, 1993.Miller, K. A Case-Specific Approach to the Treatment of Alcoholism. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 1994 35-44. Niemela, O. Oral Nalmefence HCL for Alcohol Dependence. Alcoholism, Clinical & Experimental Research 2006 1162-7.Parker, Frederick. A C omparison of the Sex Temperament of Alcoholics and Moderate Drinkers. American Sociological Review, Vol. 24 January, 1959 366-374.Ries, Janet. Public Acceptance of the Disease Concept of Alcoholism. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 18, No. 3 Sep., 1977 338-344.

How to Read Literature Like a Professor Chapter Analysis Essay

Chapter 1 Every Trip Is a Quest (Except When Its Not)In Chapter 1 the author explains the emblematical groundsing of why a image takes a jaunt. They dont practiced take a trip they take a quest. Structur exclusivelyy a quest has a quester, a place to go, a stated reason to go there, challenges and trials en route, and a reason to go there. Quests usually involve characters such as a knight, a dangerous road, a Holy Grail, a dragon, an evil knight, and a princess. The quest also involves the character to gain self-knowledge out of taking the adventure to the stated place where he or she is going.Chapter 2 Nice to Eat with You Acts of CommunionChapter 2 tells of the symbol that takes place while characters are eating a meal together. The author states that when people eat together it is saying Im with you, I care you, we form a community together. The meal also shows how a person feels towards another person. It can show whether you like or dislike the person. The author explai ns how the description of the food isnt just to inform you of what is being eaten. It is to draw you into the moment and help you feel the realism of that moment.Chapter 3 Nice to Eat You Acts of VampiresIn Chapter 3 the author explains in Chapter ternary how vampirism isnt constantly close to vampires. Vampirism is a characteristic a character can portray, such as selfishness, exploitation, and rudeness. The character takes value of people, like a vampire would to his prey. Many authors actually use vampires, ghosts, or doppelgangers to portray vampiristic qualities instead of letting the reader infer those qualities into a human.Chapter 4 If Its Square, Its A SonnetChapter 4 tells closely how sonnets are formed and how to identify a sonnet.Sonnets are in a square shape and they al way of lifes withdraw 14 lines in them. The author says that sonnets may be challenging to understand, but they are the most interesting poems be creator they are able to say what they look at to say in only 14 lines and 10 syllables.Chapter 5 Now, Where Have I Seen Her Before?In chapter 5 the author explains how stories overlap in a way. Book are never totally original. They all use similar characters with similar personalities. Authors use other authors to influence their style of make-up and what they write about.Chapter 6 When In Doubt, Its from Shakespeare . . .Chapter 6 is all about William Shakespeare. The author believes that almost all stories written were somehow influenced by a play or sonnet or some sort of Shakespeares works. Some of correct the most famous stories ever written were somehow connected to a piece by William Shakespeare.Chapter 7 . . . Or the BibleChapter 7 is similar to the chapter that refers to Shakespeare. It states how every piece of literature is somehow related to or referring to the Bible. They all involve things such as temptation, betrayal, denial, etc. Also, writers refer to the Bible because almost everybody knows at least some of t he stories from the Bible.Chapter 8 Hanseldee and GreteldumIn chapter 8 the author explains how many stories are connected to milksop tales, like a parallel. Fairy tales are easy to connect to because they all have a plot and solution, so there is always a way to connect a story to the fairy tales.Chapter 9 Its Greek to MeChapter 9 is about myths and how they are related to Greek mythology. There are three types of myth Shakespearean, Biblical, and fairy tales. There are many things connected to Greece. Many things are named and based off of Greek characters. Mascots, towns, and some people are even named after some of the greates heros of Greek times.Chapter 10 Its More Than Just Rain or SnowChapter 10 is about the symbol of weather. The author talks of the uses of weather such as rain, wind, snow, etc. The uses are plot device, atmospherics, democratic element, cleansing, and restorative. The weather is a very critical detail in setting the opinion for stories.Chapter 11 More Than Its Gonna Hurt You Concerning ViolenceChapter 11 is about the significant involveing of violence. There are two categories of violence in literature the specific injury and the narrative violence. Specific injury causes characters to visit on one another or on themselves. Narrative violence cause the characters to cause harm in general.Chapter 12 Is That a Symbol?Chapter 12 is about symbolism. The author says that not everybody leave behind think a symbol will mean the same thing and it wont. The symbol is whatever you think it means. Some writers make their symbols direct, but most let you use your own imagination.Chapter 13 Its All PoliticalChapter 13 was about how most writing is political. It was about how writers secretly put their political point of views into their stories. Usually political writing is tiresome and vague. Some writing is more political than others, but nearly all writing is political on some level.Chapter 14 Yes, Shes a deliverer Figure, TooChapter 14 is about how almost everything, in some form, is a Christ figure. The chapter gives a list to relate characters to. The list is 1. crucified, wounds in the hands, feet, side, and head 2. in agony 3. self-sacrificing 4. good with children 5.good with loaves, fishes, water, wine 6. thirty-three years of age when last seen 7. employed as a carpenter 8. known to use humble modes of transportation, feet or donkeys preferred 9. believed to have walked on water 10. often portrayed with arms outstretched 11. known to have spent time alone in the wilderness 12. believed to have had a confrontation with the devil, possibly tempted 13. last seen in the company of thieves 14. creator of many aphorisms and parables 15. buried, but arose on the third day 16. had disciples, dozen at first, although not all equally devoted 17. very forgiving 18. came to redeem an unworthy world.Chapter 15 Flights of FancyChapter 15 is all about the symbolism of flying. Flying is freedom. Thats what it constitut es. Usually stories are fiction when you see a character flying, but when you do the person is either a superhero, ski jumper, crazy, a circus act, suspended on wires, an angel, or heavily symbolic.Chapter 16 Its All About Sex . . .Its All About Sex, or Chapter 16, is about the symbollic meaning of sex in a story or movie. The author says that usually sex isnt even about the sex or things that have nothing to do with sex are usually about sex.Chapter 17 . . . Except SexChapter 17 is about how sex is never actually utilize in literature. Authors always describe the scene before and the scene after but never the inbetween. There is really only one way of writing about sex, of course the characters can do different things but in the end its still the same thing. thats why its ok to just leave the actual physical part out of the bookand only describe the before and after.Chapter 18 If She Comes Up, Its BaptismChapter 18 is all about the significance of water. When a character goes unde r water and comes back up, it usually means that the character was renewed or reborn. Then after that the character will be a whole new being. Sometimes the character goes under and doesnt come back up, but the only significance this has is that the character dies.Chapter 19 Geography Matters . . .Chapter 19 is about the geography. The geography symbolizes the mood of the characters. Such as if a character is on the beach they are usually relaxed and calm. Hills can symbolize journeys or difficult tasks that the character has to overcome.Chapter 20 . . . So Does SeasonChapter 20 is about the effect seasons have. Most teenage movies are set in the spend because that is supposedly the prime of their lives. Winter signifies age and the characters are usually moody or gloomy. When it is fall the characters are probably changing is some ways. Spring the character is probably renewed in some way.Chapter 21 Marked for GreatnessChapter 21 is about how defaults in a character mean more than just some sort of handicap. Everything has a meaning. Take for instance the scar on Harry Potters head. It has a story of its own. It reminds him of his parents and what happened to them.Chapter 22 Hes Blind for a Reason, You KnowChapter 22 is about the symbolic meanings of screenness. Not all the time instories is the person who is literally blind actually the blind one. Blind people can be the people who have sight but are greedy and selfish.Chapter 23 Its Never Just punk Disease . . .Chapter 23 tells about how when an author mentions heart disease in a story, its never just heart disease. Since the heart represents practically all emotion, when the heart has troubles it could be interpreted as lonliness or pain. Usually the characters with heart disease are never happy with life.Chapter 24 . . . And Rarely Just ailmentIn chapter 24 the author suggests the use of illnesses. He states that when writing a story, you cant just use any illness off the natural covering of your min d. The illness must be picturesque, meaning that the illness should affect the physical appearance of the character. Also the illness should have strong symbolic or nonliteral possibilities.Chapter 25 Dont Read with Your EyesChapter 25 is called Dont Read With Your Eyes. The chapter is basically a restatement of previous chapters, just repeating that readers indispensability to think of the story in a different perspective and that they should see the author or maybe the characters point of view.Chapter 26 Is He Serious? And otherwise IroniesIn chapter 26 the author states that even though we went through the entire book learning about all of these new symbolic meanings in literature, sometimes irony will come and mess things all up. He says something that helps me remember irony trumps everything. Even though we spent hours reading about all of the symbolic and metaphorical possibilities in stories, there only has to be one, tiny ironic thing that could come along at the end of the story and completely rinse out all of the symbols and metaphor we just read.

Analysis of Ryanair Essay

Ryanair established in 1985 carrying more than than 5,000 passengers between its route Waterford Airport in Ireland to capital of the United Kingdom Gatwick during its first year. The bon ton expanded by 1989 had 350 employees, 14 aircraft and carrying more than 600,000 passengers a year.In 1997 there were dramatic changes in the European airline industriousness with deregulation of European Union air transportation al broken ined airlines to open immature routes into Europe. The European pitiable f ares association reported that economic crisis-toned fares airlines are carrying more passengers than before with an change magnitude number of destinations in Europe set to incr tranquility from 38% to 53% in European travel (elfaa.com, 2011). Ryanair took advantage from the deregulation with routes from capital of the United Kingdom Stansted to Stockholm, Oslo and Paris. By 2001 Ryanair launched its own travel website and within 3 months received 50,000 bookings (Ryanair.com, 2 011).The report will focus on the modest exist industry environment by identifying the opportunities and nemesiss as well as five forces of the external environment. The report will also identify the strengths and weaknesses of Ryanair.Part 1 Low speak to airway industryThe low cost airline industry has become the most profitable with all segments in the commercialise with low prices and high load factors. This schema has been challenged since the 1990s with the relaxation of returnss allowing impertinently entrants to compete for blood (Economist.com, 2011). The low cost airline industry operates all activities by reducing cost in order to get ahead strategic success and competitive advantage. This approach has a lot of opportunities as well as threats.PoliticalGovernments in the UK cook the highest tax compared to Germany with a $1.3bn release tax and Austrias similar $119m duty tax (Independent.co.uk, 2011). The threat of passengers remunerateing higher prices as a result of increased tax for their airline tickets stooge lower profits for airlines. This can affect low cost airlines such(prenominal) as Ryanair and Easyjet as the higher taxes cut profits for the connection for example Easyjet say they had lost 21m of its 153m in 2011 (IATA.com, 2011).Acts of terrorism can also be a study threat to the airline industry. Initiating further routes is an opportunity for low cost airlines to other(a) destinations in Europe with its growing economy and additional 15 EU countries that joined in 2004 such as Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Latvia can offer new opportunities for new routes to increase the number of passengers(Delfmann, 2005). There has also been a threat with the plans to sell Stansted airport, the main location for low make out airlines after the Competition Commission to capture down its dominance in the demoralizeket. This will bring greater competition to low cost airlines and benefit passengers with more low fare airlines fr om regional airports such as Gatwick and Stansted competing more (Telegraph.co.uk/travel, 2011).EconomicThe threat of rising oil prices caused global airlines to lose $16 one thousand thousand in profits which did rebound in 2010 with higher traffic. The threat continues with oil prices averaging $110 a barrel and estimated to further increases in the industrys fuel bill which will rise from $10 billion to $176 billion (Bangkokpost.com, 2011). This threat has also been warned by Willie Walsh, the chief executive of British Airways and Iberia who cautioned that European carriers hand over to bear the impact of the high fuel costs with some operators having to go out of business (Guardian.co.uk, 2011).The recession in 2008 resulted in travelers seeking cheaper fares and led to yield in sales for budget airlines. This opportunity during recession allows budget airlines to take advantage and of more travelers seeking low fares with budget airlines rather than more expensive airline t ickets. With the higher oil prices, natural disasters in Japan, discontent in the Middle East, North Africa and can force competitors in the airline industry to increase prices and fuel rolls which pose major threats to airlines profits and survival of airlines.SocialThe evolution in demand for passengers seeking low cost airlines for cheaper fares is an opportunity for budget airlines. People are living a better standard of life with declining variety of incomes made up mostly of middle class income people. People are also more well-travelled, experienced and seek new destinations with the growth of vacation space (Goeldner and Ritchie, 2009). This is an opportunity as budget airlines frequently service short haul destinations for short trips or weekend trips for leisure or business purposes offering more destinations and new experiences to people with low fares. Migration has also made commuting a factor with people seeking employment opportunities and education as a antecede nt for traveling as well as the rising quality standards has shown to expect growth for low cost airlines (Gross and Schrder, 2007).There are significant opportunities for low cost airlines that can benefit from the demand of increasing passenger from various destinations and purposes. Many people also seeking new destinations is a good opportunity for budget airlines to increase passenger numbers and revenue by providing different destinations of regional airports.TechnologicalThe increasing popularity of information technology is an opportunity for low budget airlines as they dont use travel agents to sell tickets and allows consumers to be informed about schedules, compare prices and itineraries as well as flights with other airlines (Pease etl al., 2007).The new commove seat which is designed to allow 23 inches of legroom compared to 30 inches on a normal seat space and shaped to sit at an angle increase the number of seat for an airline (Telegraph.co.uk/travel, 2011). The sea ts offer an opportunity for low budget airlines such as Ryanair and Easyjet to allow more storage space and more passengers in a plane which can increase revenues. The opportunities in technology allows airlines to take advantage of potential revenues with the internet offering direct marketing for customers and set added service by bringing offers to the customers directly. The opportunities for of the new seats can offer planes to fit more passengers and is a further potential a growth in revenue for budget airlines.LegalThe airline industry has considerable regulations with issues concerning legislation and guidelines. For example low cost airlines be possessed of aggressive advertising campaigns to emphasize low fares which have become an issue with consumer protection legislation. Separate details of surcharges such as government tax, airport tax and fuel surcharge have to be included so that it does not consumers are not misinterpreted and misunderstood when buying a ticket. This is a threat to low cost airlines as it disregards the concept of low fares with all the taxes passed on by governments and aviation authorities. Low cost airlines can be substantially threatened with EU regulations and laws which can lower profits and malign the reputation of an airline with a blackball image.EnvironmentalNatural disasters such as the 2010 Iceland Volcano which caused 14,000 Ryanair flights cancelled. Costs of the 2010 Iceland disruption to the global airline industry soared to 1.1bn fit in to estimates from the International Air Transport Association (Iata) (Guardian.co.uk, 2010). This threat to the airline industry faced by natural disasters such as the Iceland volcano can descend at any time and stop people from travelling costing airlines major disruptions with delays or cancellations.Emissions used by the airline industry have been increasingly growing rapidly over recent years, increasing 98% between 1990 and 2006 with predications of further increas es to another 88% by 2050. This threat to the aviation industry enforcing airlines to pay for carbon dioxide and lower profits (Ftadviser.com, 2011).Porters five forcesPorter menstruations out the five forces which exist of bargaining exponent of suppliers, buyers, threat of potential new entrants and threat of shifts to the industry. A company can adapt to the forces in order to increase chances of gaining sustainable competitive advantage and profitability. In understanding the strategic decisions a company has to make, it can be useful to look at the five forces of rivalry amongst the firm, substitution, new gateway, the power of customers and the power of suppliers.Figure 1.1 Porters five forces pedigree (Fouris and Oswald, 2006)Barriers of entry to obtain aircrafts is extremely expensive and acquiring a basis at airports is also difficult (Gross and Schrder, 2007). With the success of Southwest airlines and deregulation and liberalization of the airline industry has allowe d 40 budget airlines in the airline such as Easy jet. This level is high as a result of these factors.Substitution- for the short haul flights, the substitute products include car, train and boat services. Travelling by train is clearly a substitute choice for travellers as it is high speed or travelling by car with the many motorway links available can have an impact. Technology can also be a substitute, for example business travellers whitethorn choose to conference skype calls over the internet. This level is moderate as flying is the main method of travelling long distances at a shorter time. talk terms power of buyers consumers can now purchase their own tickets from low cost airlines and can choose airlines with for higher level of quality, better service and lower price. Customers have the power to easily switch to another product that have lower prices with the ease of the internet (Hitt, et al, 2008). This popularity of comparison internet sites allows passengers to compar e flight prices and choose the term cost airline of their choice. Therefore to survive with these intense factors airlines have to bid lowest fares to attract customers which is important for budget airlines and as a result the power of buyers is high as they consumers choose lowest fares causing risk of survival to an airline.Bargaining power of suppliersAirlines rely heavily on the inputs for the company to survive which would be fuel, materials for the planes, services and manpower. Airlines either use Boeing or Airbus together with high maintenance fees, training staff. Additionally with the increase of cost for fuel to $50bn in 2011 resulted in travelers pay higher prices for tickets (Reuters.com, 2011). Therefore these inputs have high bargaining power over airlines as it can affect profits of an airline substantially.Competitor rivalry may occur from price competition, product differentiation, advertising against other competitors is likely to affect the business (Bowhill, 2008). The intense rivalry occurs between low fares carriers are Ryanair, Easyjet and the carriers that provide frills service with lower fares are British Midland Airways. Rivals also have to invest high capital investment and have a unique selling power point to attract a stupendous majority of customers and offer significant discounts and special offers.According the annual reports of Ryanair and Easy Jet, in 2010 Ryanair carried over 66 million passengers in comparison to Easy Jet carrying just 34 million. Therefore the airlines low cost model delivers increased revenue and passenger growth as customers seek cheaper flights and benefit from price wars between airline fares. However budget airlines are still affected by rivalry with Ryanair and Easy Jet competing for customers flying with no frills airlines and the level of competitor rivalry is moderate.ConclusionFinally the analysis has demonstrated the attractiveness for the budget airline based on the ease of entry regulat ions and with the low expenditure costs lower than charter airlines that provide more service. The unstable environment has led to an increase in fuel costs with airlines gainful heavily for their supply and in contrast the unpredictable economic environment has caused consumers to spend less and look for cheaper travel and prefer budget airlines such as Ryanair. Even though there is intense rivalry between airlines, budget airlines have an attractive strategy with more airlines using the low cost model to compete for passengers.Part 2 Internal analysisThe natural factors of Ryanairs concerns strengths and weaknesses to assess the extent to which the strategies for the airline in order to be successful, these summarizes the internal business environment and the capabilities (Johnson et al., 2002).The strengths of Ryanair areThe company has a successful low cost model benefitting from low expenses by using staff to clean the plane, passengers have to pay to print boarding pass redu cing the need for staff at check in desks and take advantage of the internet to sell tickets. Ryanairs low fares are aimed at encouraging demand especially with price sensitive leisure and business travellers that might choose alternative forms of transport method. Ryanair have set fares on the basis of demand on particular flights with higher fares on flights that have the highest demand for bookings booked nearer to the date of departure. Ryanairs competitors also do not operate on comparison sites and save commission or fees to other comparison websites. The company loses fewer bags and with 88% punctual flights compared to competitors ant explains why the company is a favorite airline for customers with over 73 million passengers in 2010 (Ryanair.com, Annual report 2010).Flights to secondary airports the company offers point to point service on short haul flights to secondary and regional airports around the major hub centers and cities. The point to point routes rather than hub airports allow the company to provide direct nonstop flights and avoid the costs of providing services through connecting passengers, baggage transfers and transit passenger assistant costs. By choosing secondary locations allows convenience for a large majority of the population and is generally less crowded than in major airports.This has also resulted in on time flights, faster turnaround times, less terminal delays as well as more competitive airport access and handling costs or operating restrictions that can reduce expenses (Ryanair Annual Report, 2010). Low operating costs Ryanair maintain low operating costs as a low budget airline company and aims to reduce costs in main areas which include aircraft equipment, personnel productivity, customer service costs and airport access and handling costs.WeaknessesRyanair have been negatively perceived as arrogant as the company does not take into consideration the competition by putting other low fares airlines out of business creat ing a bad image with negative media. Ryanair is viewed as not caring too much about customer needs or problems which reflect OLearys opinion that customers pay low prices and get a good deal therefore should expect low standards. There have also been complaints for the extra payments for fees and taxes as well as paying higher prices for stowing luggage and onboard food and beverage.The company has also come across as having a negative reputation by having underpaid staff that are disciplined for any mistakes, work long hours and unhappy staff with staff (itfglobal.org, 2011). The company also charges 5 for every purchase using bank card, 40 for printing a boarding pass at the airport and 100 for changing the name on the booking. Therefore customers often have to pay a lot more than they expected which makes Ryanairs image appear dishonest (Ryanair.com, 2011).Porters value chainThe generic strategies are concerned with the strategies of the company and at the little level by explor ing Porters model of the value chain. The value chain classifies the activities of the company and divided into primary and support activities used to identify the cost leadership strategy as illustrated in appendices b. The core competencies of Ryanair consist of maximizing revenues whilst providing a no frills low cost strategy and keeping logistics simple. This is maintained by Ryanairs capableness to lower operating costs such as aggressive online booking reducing the cost of staff and operate in secondary airports using Boeing 737-800. through and through simple services and investing less on employees, Ryanair core competencies provide effective and efficient resource management.The primary activities involved in the inbound logistics of Ryanair consist of its 272 Boeing 737-800 planes that can carry 189 people and agreements to secondary airports. Ryanair have contract agreements with these large aircrafts with the ability to fly long hours and do not charge fuel surcharge ( Ryanair.co.uk, 2010). Operations Ryanair have lower unit costs as part of its mental process and save costs through lower handling fees, landing fees in secondary airports and fast turnaround times with the capacity to utilize the aircraft at a shorter time. Ryanair operate in 1,110 routes and 1,400 flights a day from 44 bases. The efficiency of its operation supports the low cost strategy position with fast turnaround times, no meals on board and improved employee productivity (Ryanair.com, 2010).Financial analysisThe strengths of Ryanair are rather clear. The company has been profitable with an increase in profits of 26% to 401m and operating profit increase by 28% to 516.2m in 2011. The figure below illustrates how the company increased passengers by 8% and revenue 16% by 2010.Figure 2.1 Summary Table of results (IFRS) in EuroSource (Ryanair.com, 2011)Figure 2.2 Summary table for EasyJetSource (Easyjet.com, 2011)As seen from the tables above it can be clear to differentiate the profit revenues. Profit after tax for Ryanair in 2010 was 138 million and for Easyjet was just 121 million. Revenue for Easyjet in 2010 was 2, 973 million in 2010 and 2, 66 million in 2009 compared to Ryanairs revenue in 2010 18 million and 16 million in 2009. According to Ryanairs annual reports, revenues rose by 16% to 896.8m due to an 8% rise in traffic and a 5% increase in average fares in 2010.Ryanair has been able to gain a growth in revenue even during the financial recession which had a significant effect on other major airlines resulting in bankruptcy and closure. Due to its cost efficient methods through increased passenger traffic with its new routes and low prices Ryanair has been able to uphold its place as the number one low cost carrier. This difference also shows in Ryanairs current ratio at 1.79 in 2010 compared to Easy jet sole(prenominal) gaining 1.33.ConclusionFrom the internal analysis it is clear to see Ryanairs low costs strategy means it is less affected th an its competitors with its cost leadership. This has required the company to gain a large market share whereby it has purchased large quantities of planes and low cost operations has made shown that cost leadership is the only way to work for the future and globally.Ryanair has built a low cost culture however still needs to pay close attention to the external environmental factors including political policies and increased cost of fuel. The core cost savings mentioned has made the company highly successful with its short haul routes with standardized no frills services, higher position density and its ticketless reservation system. Ryanair have succeeded by becoming a successful airline in Europe with the Southwest airline model and managed to grow its market segment of price sensitive customers through its no frills service.BibliographyAfuah, A. (2009) Strategic Innovation New Game Strategies for Competitive Advantage. New York Routledge. Beech, J. and Chadwick, S. (2006) The b usiness of tourism management. Harlow Pearson Education Limited. Bangkokpost.com (2011) anoint spike to push up airline losses. Online. Available at http//www.bangkokpost.com/business/aviation/241328/oil-spike-likely-to-push-up-airline-losses. Accessed on 05 knock against 2011. Betz, F. (2002) Executive Strategy Strategic Management and development Technology. New York John Wiley and Sons. Bowhill, B. (2008) Business Planning and Control Integrating Accounting, Strategy, and People. Hoboken John Wiley and Sons. Centreforinformation.com (2011) Jaw-dropping airline market capitalization. Online. Available at http//www.centreforaviation.com/news/2011/03/10/jaw-dropping-airline-market-capitalisation-facts-part-3/page1 Accessed on 05 March 2011. Cherunilam, F. (2007) International business text and cases. 4th Ed. New Delhi Prentice Hall. Delfmann, W. (2005) Strategic management in the aviation industry. Ashgate Ashgate Publishing Limited. Easyjet.com (2011) Annual Reports and Accounts . Online. Available at http//corporate.easyjet.com//media/Files/E/easyJet/pdf/investors/result-center/easyJet_AR10_18_1_2011.pdf? Accessed on 05 March 2011. Economist.com (2011) Aviation Climbing through the clouds Airlines and the aircraft industry are belatedly being buffeted by globalization. Online. Available at http//www.economist.com/node/18926285?story_id=18926285&fsrc=rss Accessed on 05 March 2011. Elfaa.com (2011) Press Release Report shows low fares airlines are the future of air travel in Europe. http//www.elfaa.com/110418_ELFAA_PressRelease_LFAs_Market_Share_YorkAviation.pdf Ftadviser.com, (2011) Come fly with me. Online. Available at http//www.ftadviser.com/FinancialAdviser/Investments/ orbit/EthicalAndSRI/Features/article/20110519/da237554-59f2-11e0-8113-00144f2af8e8/Come-fly-with-me.jsp Accessed on 05 March 2011. FT.com (2011) EasyJet Plc. Online. Available at http//markets.ft.com/tearsheets/financialsSummary.asp?s=ukEZJ.Accessed on 03 July 2011. FT.com (2011) Ryanair Holdings. Online. Available at http//markets.ft.com/tearsheets/financialsSummary.asp?s=ieRY4B.Accessed on 03 July 2011. Goeldner, C.R. and Ritchie, B.J.R. (2009) Tourism Principles, Practices, Philosophies. 11th Ed. London John Wiley and Sons. Guardian.co.uk (2011) Airline Industry profit slump oil. Online. Available at http//www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/jun/06/airline-industry-profit-slump-oil. Accessed on 12 June 2011. Guardian.co.uk (2010) Airline industry takes $1.7bn hit from volcanic change disruption. Online. Available athttp//www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/apr/21/airline-industry-cost-volcanic-ash. Accessed on 05 May 2011. Guardian.co.uk (2011) Airlines to spend estimated 1.4bn on carbon permits in 2012. Online. Available at http//www.guardian.co.uk/environment/blog/2011/mar/08/carbon-emissions-climate-change. Accessed on 12 June 2011. Gross, S. and Schroeder, A. (2007) Handbook of low cost airlines strategies, business processes and market environment. Berlin Hurber t and Co. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E. (2009) Strategic management competitiveness and globalization concepts & cases. 8th Ed. Mason Southwestern Cengage Learning. IATA.com (2011) Airline Industry 2011 Profit Outlook Slashed to $4 Billion. Online. Available at http//www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/pages/2011-06-06-01.aspx. Accessed on 12 June 2011. 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Survey for Family Day Motivation

Motivators for Fall Family Day Attendance The purpose of this questionnaire is to identify the primary student motivators used when deciding to attend or not attend Fall Family Day. This information will be used to make improvements and further increase interest in the event. enchant take the time to reaction the following questions as they best apply to you. Thank you, and we appreciate your time and responses. 1. Are you familiar with Family Day? -No (Please go to question 13) -Yes (Please continue) 2. How do you learn active Family Day? Please check all that apply. -University webpage -Student new-fangledsletter -Campus banners -Event flyers Word of mouth from other students -Other (please specify) 3. Have you ever attended Family Day? -No (Please go to question 8) -Yes, I only attended this year (Please go to question 5) -Yes, I only attended in previous years. (Please go to question 6) -Yes, I attended two this year and in previous years.(Please continue) 4. Please indicate your level of satisfaction with the Fall Family Day you attended in previous year -Very snug -Moderately cheery -Neutral -Moderately dissatisfied -Strongly dissatisfied 5. Please indicate your level of satisfaction with the Fall Family Day this year, then go to question 9 -Very satisfied Moderately satisfied -Neutral -Moderately dissatisfied -Strongly dissatisfied 6. Please indicate your level of satisfaction with the Fall Family Day you attended in previous year -Very satisfied -Moderately satisfied -Neutral -Moderately dissatisfied -Strongly dissatisfied 7. Why did you choose not to attend this year? Please check all that apply, then go to question 9. -Not interested -Time conflict -No new events -Cant afford it -Poor reviews from others -No available hotels -Travel distance -Overcrowded -Family not able to attend -Family not interested this year -Other (please specify) 8. Why did you not attend Fall Family Day?Please check all that apply. -Not interested -Time conflict -Cant a fford it -Unaware of event -Poor reviews from others -No available hotels -Travel distance -Overcrowded -Other (please specify) 9. In regards to Fall Family Day, how important would it be to have a spot Virginia Tech football game that day? -Very important -Important -Neutral -Unimportant -Very piddling 10. If Virginia Tech is playing in an away game, how important is it to have it televised on campus? -Very important -Important -Neutral -Unimportant -Very unimportant 11. How would you like to be informed of Fall Family Day? Please check all that apply. -University webpage Parent newsletter -Student newsletter -Facebook -E-mail -Other (please specify) -Im not interested, so please do not contact me 12. What activities would you like to have at Fall Family Day? Please describe below. 13. What is your academic classification? -Freshman -Sophomore -Junior -Senior -Graduate Student -Other (please specify) 14. In what college are you enrolled? -Agriculture and spiritedness Sciences -A rchitecture and Urban Sciences -Pamplin College of Business -Engineering -Liberal Arts and Human Sciences -Natural Resources and Environment -Science -Vet Medicine -Undecided 15. Gender -Male -Female Thank you for your time and answers

Strategic Marketing Plan

Strategy Marketing Plan As Seen On Screen (ASOS) T competent of Contents administrator Summary. 3 Case subject atomic number 18a5 Statement of the Problem5 Product Strategy. 6 Communicating their Identity. Competitor Analysis7 Positioning Strategy7 ASOS customer population by years groups8 ASOS customer population by gender 8 Offer Strategy 8 Conceived Identity 9 Ideal Identity 10 Public Relations11 Timing Strategy 11 Desired IdentityExpanding New Values for customers general 12 Customer Cargon and service12 Misaligned Identities literal and desired 12 SWOT Analysis Strengths13 Weaknesses. 13 Opportunities 14 Threats14 Recommendations14 Executive Summary ASOS is single of the most recognized online robes store in the United Kingdom. It offers ingatherings that quite a little often see worn by celebrities.As such, umpteen people ar encouraged to subdue out their items. In addition, the prices of their products are relatively lower compared to high street trend. Because of these along with other factors, ASOS was able to grow. With the increase of ASOS over the years, it is significant to ensure that it bunghole be sustained. The fact that online bewraypers and traditional shoppers differ in terms of concerns and behavior, it is critical for ASOS to study the purchasing behavior of their merchandise segment to determine the kind of strategy that they withdraw to ensure success now and in the future.This research focuses on the various aspects of online retail in the hopes of investigating the purchasing behavior of ASOS customers and formulating recommendations on how to keep the profit margin of the guild on increasing side. For the past 50 years, the retail industry has been under m any changes. For example, the 1950s saw downtowns as the center of retailing. People would often go downtown to avail the various products and services. These products and services included clothing, food, hardware supplies and banking services.A decennium later, a group of retailers started offering their products and services in large departmental stores. The idea is to pull up stakes convenience to the shoppers. By creating a place were various retailers can offer their products and services, shoppers will no longer wealthy person to make several trips to different locations in order to purchase the things that they need. This convey that retailers hoped to create a one-stop shop for their customers. As a result, big names such as Wal-Mart and K-Mart made big names in the retail industry.On the other hand, downtown or small scale and specialized retail outlets take ind a decline in the 1970s and 1980s. From the later part of 1980s to the early years of 1990s, a new kind of retailing came in creation. Home TV shopping networks as well as warehouse clubs became very popular among consumers. If one-stop department stores aimed to provide convenience to their customers, home shopping networks brought the idea of convenience to a completely new level. Instead of encouraging customers to drive to their stores, retails brought the stores inside homes and purchasing the desired products is as easy as calling a toll free number.On the other hand, warehouse clubs offered customers the opportunity to buy products in bulk and at discounted prices. Costco and surface-to-air missiles Club are some of the warehouse clubs that earned success. The changes within the retail industry continued well into the late part of the 1990s. Along with the success of internet, retailers were quick to recognize the importance of surfing the web, also use of other internet applications was fast becoming incorporated in the lives of many people approximately world. For this reason existing retail shops and new genres of entrepreneurs support grown up and have decided to bring their stores online.The move to utilize the internet was a honourable decision in terms of marketing. Cable television took 25 years to reach approximately 10 million people, while computers took 7 years to do the same. However, the internet was able to manage that feat in just six months. This means that retail store will have more chances of exposure if they have their own website. Since the utilization of the internet for retailing purposes, many companies have been able to experience the benefits of bringing their businesses online. With this, a need was created to formulate strategies that focus on maximizing the potentials of internet.Nowadays, ecommerce, ebanking and other forms of ebusinesses are becoming a popular resource among the consumers and as such, it is also becoming a popular form of business for companies. Increase in sales are usually expected by companies when they launch an online store on host websites that offers their products and services. In the retailing industry, etailing is also fast becoming the choice of companies. One of the companies that concentrate in advancing their etailing endeavor is As Seen On Scr een 0r ASOS.They offer clothing and other fashion related items that are alike(p) to designer fashion worn by celebrities but at a lower price. They have a website where they post the products that they currently have. In addition, they show actual photos of celebrities wearing a similar item of clothing that are macrocosm s elder on their site. Case Study Despite the degree of success that ASOS was able to achieve over the years of their operation, there are still problems that they need to resolve in order to ensure the survival of their business.This is the rationale behind this constitution. This paper will be presenting the conditions that ASOS are operating in as well as the various aspects that they need to focus on in order to give steady or increasing flow of profit. Statement of the Problem The problem of ASOS is generally related to the problem faced by most online retailers the online consumer buying behavior. Attracting consumers with the moderate resources avail able on the internet is a big challenge to online retailers like ASOS.Knowing the online consumer behaviors will let the retailers and managers of these companies formulate and develop effective strategies that will attention increase the popularity and sales of clothing online. According to a study of users who have bought products online, there are five main reasons wherefore people shop finished the Internet. These are convenience and ease of use greater selection better prices easier comparison-shopping and no sales shifture. On the other hand, there are also reasons why people are not attracted to making purchases online especially when it comes to clothing.The top four most frequently identified reasons why consumers are not purchasing online are ability to judge quality, security, privacy, and easier to purchase locally. Product Strategy The product line of ASOS is very well defined. The company knows exactly what they want to show in their website. As the former name of the company suggests, the product line of ASOS is composed of clothing articles as well as other fashion related items that have been seen on celebrity fashion icons or trendsetters. The companys decision to extend their product line to include beauty products have paid dividends to the company.Since the products of the company focuses on products that must be appealing to the eye of the customers in order to be bought, visual merchandising is important in conveying the aesthetics of the products that they are existence offered. Customers need to see that the clothing items that are being offered in the website were indeed as seen on screen. Like the conventional retail clothing outlets, ASOS does have a window to display their products. The pages of their website serve as the windows where their customers can see the products. Communicating their Identity.Being both in the fashion and retail industry, ASOS necessitate to be able to meet the requirements of both industries in orde r to succeed. In relation to the fashion industry, ASOS must ensure that the items they are offering are according to the gruntle and also in sync to the latest styles. Another objective of ASOS is to provide a pleasant online shopping experience to their customer. It is important to associate shopping with being online. It is a fact that being physically involved in shopping brings about a different experience compared to shopping online.Competitor Analysis emulation is important since it affects the success of a business venture. Competition is about the companys capability in positioning itself in the market so that they could stall out among the rest in the perception of the consumers. In the slip-up of ASOS, they do not have any direct competitors when it comes to clothing associated with celebrities. However,it compete with other clothing retailing stores such as Topshop. com and Figleaves. com. Positioning Strategy The charge market segment of ASOS is as defined as their product line.They target people who are eighteen to thirty years of age and who are internet savvy. Based on the questionnaires prepared and used for this research, the biggest bulk of ASOS customers are eighteen to cardinal-two years. This age group represents fifty-five percent of the total ASOS customers. It is followed by people who belong in the age brackets twenty-four to twenty-nine and thirty to thirty-five which are twenty percent of the ASOS customer population each. Lastly, people who are thirty-six to forty-two years old complete the population representation five percent of the total. ASOS customer population by age groupsThe result of the survey concluded that ASOS targeted the right age group for the products. This is the case since the survey revealed that eighteen to thirty year old customers are more open to buying the products that ASOS offers. Another reason for the bulk customers on the said age bracket can be attributed to the fact that people within this age group are more apt at using computers as well as navigating the internet. In addition, they are also the ones who are part of the corporate world where everything is fast-paced that they do not have the time to go down town and shop for the clothes and other fashion items.ASOS customer population by gender In relation to gender, eighty percent of ASOS shoppers are women, while exclusively twenty percent are male. This whitethorn be the case since most of the items that are being offered online are for women. In addition, the marketing activity of ASOS focuses on disseminating information to more women than men. 500,000 emails are sent to females in two ways a week compared to 100,000 emails sent to males only once a week. Offer Strategy The success of ASOS is being owed to their ability to offer trendy clothes at significantly lower prices. However, there are still other actors that needs to be considered when discussing the success of ASOS as an online retail clothing store. Asi de from the price of the products, the seasonability of the products being offered is also crucial. It is a fact that the fashion industry is always on its toes when it comes to innovation. Various collections come out on a regular basis depending on the season. There are winter and summer collections as well as spring and fall collections. Conceived Identity Corporate identity is a valuable counselling resource because it affects every aspect of corporate life.A companys image, reputation and management perception, the three components of corporate identity. Establishing a clear identity has become a voiceless task due to the trend towards cross-border mergers, the growing importance of environmental concerns and the increasing similarities between products and services. In the current situation of ASOS, it affects it corporate reputation in the US. However, there are some strategies which can be done to build up the ASOS reputation and credibility. The brand of the company is im portant part of company.Marketing communication vehicles such as advertising, direct mail, humans relations, trade shows, seminars, and collateral material play an important role in communicating brand. Thinking of these activities as brand conveyors is important to understand their role. Consistent with its objective to build up their reputation and credibility towards the customers, ASOS would develop a solid message platform that clearly and consistently communicates their product features and benefits in a way that incorporates its brand principle, personality, and associations.Secondly, ASOS would communicate with its customers by using third parties to send its messages and in order to establish credibility with all target audiences. Third parties include analysts, media, award givers, happy customers, and online newsgroups/list serves. Public Relations By its nature, public relations is devoted to serving particular interests by presenting them to the public in the most favo rable light. The earliest form of public relations and still the most widely practiced is publicity. The principal instrument of publicity is the press release, which provides the mass media with the write up material and news stories.The growth of modern public relations is generally attributed to the development of the mass media, which accelerated the spread of ideas and increase the importance of public opinion by giving more people access to current events. Timing Strategy The sales of ASOS increases significantly during the holiday season. This is the case because orders for products that will serve as gifts were in demand. In addition, a series of events take place during the holidays. Family reunions and countless parties are set to happen during this time of the year.This means that people will always be on the look out for clothes that they will be able to use during these events. However, it is also expected that during the holiday season discounts are in abundance. This means that consumers are also on the lookout for bargain deals. In the case of ASOS, they are able to meet the needs of their customers for ideal apparel at reasonable prices. As such, during the holiday season ASOS must be able to get the word going that they will be able to provide quality yet affordable apparels for the people. Desired Identity Expanding New Values for customers worldwideThe ultimate goal of ASOSs sales activities worldwide is to satisfy their customers so that they will continue to come back for more ASOS quality products. Thats why they put full effort into their services, responding to changing values and progressively sophisticated needs. Theyre always workings to improve the quality of customer relations providing friendly and attentive sales, responsive service support, thorough maintenance and repairs so customer blessedness constantly grows. ASOS also continues to develop sales and service systems best suited to community eeds. Customer Care and Servi ce Total timberland Management is incorporated into all the functions and processes of the organization. With this, it can be stated that customer relationship management programs are included in total quality management. The need to develop an effective total quality management is important due to various reasons. It is also the case that total quality management views customer satisfaction in relation to customer retention and increase in the profits. These above points are considered by ASOS when they designed their website.They wanted to give their customers the kind of shopping experience that would lead them back to the website and make more purchases. Misaligned Identities actual and desired Mismatched in actual and desired identity could be sited from the following example ASOS is one of the leading retailers existing in the corporate world today. One of its leading features is etailing. Due to the far reaching grasps of the internet, etailing has flourished. However, ASOS has intended to further it influence in the retailing industry of the Far East by building a branch in one of Asias key and remote cities.But the fact rest that ASOS is primarily an etailing (relies much on the internet) corporation, and that many of the countries in the Far East do not have advanced computer and internet services as the rest of the world. ASOS presented a key solution to this problem, they would build a material retailing branch. But this would thoroughly conflict with their actual identity, which is etailing. SWOT Analysis Strengths The might of ASOS is its utilization of the Internet. Through the Internet, it has formed a definite market segment that is composed of mainly Internet users.A firm that limits its attention to fewer market segments can better serve those segments than those firms that influence the entire market. Moreover, its core focus, which is apparel, as worn by celebrities at affordable price gives them a marketing environ for it to attracts customers right away. It also gives huge discounts and has broad category coverage. Weaknesses Online retailing in general is getting bad publicity nowadays such as distressing delivery performance. Another weakness is that ASOS cannot guarantee specific product or brand presence.Internet selling is unlikely to be successful, as consumers like to try on clothes and see the quality of fabric and workmanship. One issue that ASOS needs to resolve immediately, is that since its launch until this day, they only offer clothing items up to size 12. This means ASOS is excluding a segment of the market that can offer them additional profit. This may also cause some customers to get turned off since this suggests that ASOS thinks only people upto size 12 bodies have the right to wear celebrity inspired apparel.Opportunities Ecommerce channels now represent 11% of the total UK retail business, and demo numbers of products are being procured via the internet. People are attracted by low pri ces and convenience. In addition, they have integrated their everyday activities to technology and the Internet, including shopping. As the number of working women, who are ASOS core customers, continues to increase, they will not only need more clothes for work but are also more likely to be financially independent to purchase clothes.Threats Online clothing chains from overseas are successfully invading UK and at the same time, branded apparel such as Diesel, Guess and Zara are still popular among the market. Other purely online fashion etailers such as Yoox. co. uk, Brandalley. co. uk are also their main threats. Downturn in the frugality could also cause buyers to cut back on overall spending. Recommendations Improvements for ASOS. com The ASOS website could be improved through a variety of ways that would benefit both the company and the consumer.For example if video and audio clips were added to some pages, this could increase the interest level for the browsing customer, whi ch could result in increased sales figures. Customer services could be improved through the addition of a live chat service on the website, providing the opportunity for customers to interact with retail staff directly about any questions or concerns they may have about their shopping experience. ASOS can actually provide this kind of service if they outsource it to call centers in Asia for example. It will be cheaper to outsource it than to create an in-house call center.Other issues that would need to be addressed within the ASOS. com website include increased contact with staff, faster processing of refunds and returns and an increase in transparency which could be achieved through more comprehensive information on the company itself. Based on the survey conducted for this research, ASOS customers consider the style, price and quality respectively before buying at ASOS . This means that ASOS must be able to meet these demands of their customers if they want to ensure continued p atronage from them.

The idea of carrying capacity

By the end of the 21st century, serviceman population growth may exceed Earths carrying substance. Discuss.The thought of transporting capacity is non a sensitive one. Transporting capacity is the maximal population size that the environment can back up without impairment ( McGraw-Hill, 2002 ) . The first thought of transporting capacity applied to natural beings was introduced in the 1980 s so the construct that the Earth is a ship with merely adequate nutrient and resources to be able to prolong a finite population is non new ( Sayre 2007 ) .The population of Earth presently stands at around 6.8 billion and is expected to make 7 billion by the twelvemonth 2011. In merely 12 old ages, the population of Earth has risen by about 1 billion after a population of 6 billion was reached in 1999 ( unnoticeable 2009 ) . Population has been projected and estimated to make 9.4 billion by 2050. ( Ehrlich.P, A 2009 ) . The rate at which population is increasing causes a turning concern wit h the transporting capacity of the satellite and whether or non the planet will be able to prolong the population.Worlds have already put contort on the environment and an increasing population puts an ever- emergence strain on the environment. Human and environmental alterations that need to be considered such as clime alteration and over-consumption, new industrializing states such as India and China. Countries with rapid population growing are already happening it difficult to better, or even maintain the wellness of their people and their economic systems. ( MacKenzie 1994 ) .thither are many people who imagine in Ester Boserup s position that human invention and inventiveness will predominate and get the better of any jobs that pose a menace to mankind. There have been many technological progresss, which has allowed for increased output of harvests, one such progress is the innovation by Fritz Haber in 1909, the N repairing procedure known as the Haber-Bosch procedure ( Matt hews 2005 ) . This procedure has helped feed many 1000000s and saved them from decease and famishment ( Bhagwati 1996 ) . Many other technological progresss such as one from Norm Borlaug where he devised a system to speed up the genteelness of disease-resistant wheat and crush the root rust fungus in Mexico ( MacKenzie 2009 ) .The additions have non been without cost dirt quality has been damaged, harvests wish well bananas have drive less genetically diverse, rare strains of animate being have been pushed near to extinction, and home grounds have been destroyed. Increasing demand for meat besides puts force per unit area on agribusiness ( Marshall 2009 ) .However factors such as clime alteration that may take to lifting temperatures, which is speed up by our over ingestion doing monolithic sums of pollution and usage of valuable resources is of great concern to the universes transporting capacity and even with the progresss in engineering that worlds succeeded in the hereunder still looks inexorable.The six most widely pornographic harvests in the universe are wheat, rice, maize, soya attics, barley and sorghum. Result suggest that outputs of corn, cotton and soya bean bead by approximately 0.6 per cent for each degree-day spent above 29 & A deg C. At present, agricultural parts across the US hap an norm of 57 degree-days above 29 & A deg C during the turning season. A turning season could lift to 413 degree-days by the terminal of the century ( barleycorn 2009 ) . Equally early as 2020 several states in Africa are likely to see a decrease in harvest outputs by up to 50 % . Droughts in Kenya have become 4 times more common in the last 25 old ages. In 2009, Kenya has had its 3rd failed crop in a row. ( Alagiah 2009 )Overfishing of the universe s oceans has besides led to great harm, doing population clangs in many species although in recent old ages, fish farms have become more widespread and they cut down the load on wild fish but have jobs of t heir ain with get awaying fish, inordinate nutrient ingestion, pathogenic viruses and louse infestations ( Barley 2009 )The job of increasing population makes the state of affairs much more hard to pull off. It may be possible that human invention and inventiveness will get the better of any troubles that mankind faces, although it does look that the bound of the planets transporting capacity is near to making it s peak with go through militias of minerals, oil, agricultural outputs and loss of biodiversity and that along with environmental alterations in the universe it will be hard for the full planet and that transporting capacity is a topic that postulate careful consideration today.Alagiah. G ( 2009 ) . BBC Future of Food Television Barley.S ( 2009 ) . Climate tipping point defined for US harvest outputs Online . Available hypertext alter protocol //www.newscientist.com/ expression/dn17680-climate-tipping-point-defined-for-us-crop-yields.html Accessed Bhagwati.K ( 199 4 ) . No Clean Hands Online Available hypertext transfer protocol //www.newscientist.com/article/mg14920116.100-no-clean-hands.html Accessed 24/01/2010 Ehrlich.P, Ehrlich.A ( 2009 ) . Population Enough of us now Online . Available hypertext transfer protocol //www.newscientist.com/article/mg20327271.500-population-enough-of-us-now.html Accessed23/01/2009 MacKenzie.D ( 1994 ) . Will tomorrow s kids hunger? The People job Online . Available hypertext transfer protocol //www.newscientist.com/article/mg14319413.600-will-tomorrows-children-starve-the-people-problem.html Accessed24/01/2010 Mackenzie.D ( 2009 ) . Norm Borlaug the adult male who fed the universe Online . Available hypertext transfer protocol //www.newscientist.com/article/dn17778-norm-borlaug-the-man-who-fed-the-world.html Accessed 25/01/2010 Marshall. M ( 2009 ) . Instantaneous Expert Food and Drink Online . Available hypertext transfer protocol //www.newscientist.com/article/dn17140-instant-expert-food-and-d rink.html Accessed 25/01/2010 Matthews.R ( 2005 ) . The existent Dr Faustus? Online . Available hypertext transfer protocol //www.newscientist.com/article/mg18725172.600-the-real-dr-faustus.html Accessed 23/01/2010 McGraw-Hill ( 2002 ) . Dictionary of Environmental Science. McGraw-Hill. United States.Sayre.N ( 2007 ) . Transporting Capacity Genesis, History and abstract Flaws Online . Available hypertext transfer protocol //globetrotter.berkeley.edu/GreenGovernance/ColloqPapers/Sayre2007.pdf Accessed 23/01/2010 Unknown ( 2009 ) . 2009 World Population Data Sheet Online . Available hypertext transfer protocol //www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2009/2009wpds.aspx Accessed 23/01/2010

Ancient Roman Government Notes Essay

The prevalent-people assembly which helped give the citizens more than political power Empire- A dominating nation with extensive territories and a powerful ruler Laws of the 12 Tables- Guidelines for citizens behavior a list of read-only storagean customs about property and punishment Mercenary- A soldier who is hired for service in a international country Patrician- Member of Romes richest and most important families who served on the Senate for life Plebeian- The common person or lower-class citizenRoman Senate- One of the twain houses of the early Roman republic land- A country run by the elected repre directatives of its people Tribune- A leader within the Concillum Plebus In 500 B. C the Roman government was forming into a republic in which the people have the freedom to ballot for their leaders. There were two parts, or two houses, to the Roman Republic the Citizen Assembly and the Senate. The elected officials headed the two councils and they served one-year terms. The republic was established in 509B.C and lasted 500 years. Differences between the Greek and Roman governments In Greece all men were allowed to vote In Rome only men with money/property could vote The Senate was the most powerful part of the government all senators were patricians. To obtain political rights, the common people (Plebeians) formed their own assembly, the Concillum Plebus and named their leaders tribunes. Establishing peace and order gave Rome stability Romes first code of law was established in 450B. C.On ten tablets, ten legal experts wrote down a list of Roman customs about property and punishment. However, due to plebeian pressure, two more tablets were added to satisfy them. The final code was called the Laws of the Twelve Tables. By the end of the third century Roman law covered issues dealing with foreigners and eventually covered authoritarian law to strengthen and correct existing law. The Roman Empire took its first steps of dominance in 27B. C when the laws development was interpreted over by the emperors, who added and revised freely.As the law got more complex, the government had to literally train jurists who could understand and interpret the laws. The stability of the law, the military, and financial standing of Rom kept it powerful. Rome successfully battled the Carthaginians, the Celtics(British), the Etruscans, and the Samnites. The Roman Empire was established around 27B. C. The empire spanned three continents. The empire was divided into states that were ruled by governors who collected taxes and sent money back to Rome.

Problems faced by south-east asian in studying tenses and their solutions Essay

0. ABSTRACTWhat do you think atomic number 18 the businesss faced by the Pakistani filler tour culture filter outs of slope? This paper highlights the problems of grammar teaching. Some teachers brook been selected who have taught/have been teaching grammar for several years at prepare level. On the basis of the feedback reach outn by the teachers, this interrogation report is presented.1. INTRODUCTIONLanguage is the chief means by which the human personality expresses itself and fulfills its introductory deprivation for social interaction with new(prenominal) persons.It is attract that the circumstance grammar has meant various things at various times and whatevertimes several things at one time. This plurality of meaning is characteristic of the present time and is the source of murkinesss in the discussion of grammar as part of the education of children. There have been taking place violent dis specifyes on the subject of teaching grammar at school.The ability t o colloquy about the grammar of a linguistic communication, to recite its rules, is as well really different from ability to speak and understand a language or to read and write it. Those who sack use a language are often un qualified to recite its rules, and those who bottom of the inning recite its rules brush aside be unable to use it. Grammar organizes the vocabulary and as a result we have sense units. There is a system of stereotypes, which organizes excogitates into sentences.1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMWhat skill does grammar develop? Does it ease ups the ability to give birth up sentences correctly to reproduce text adequately? If does so in that locationfore how frequently practice is fateed for the development of the practical skill that lav enable schoolchild point the specific grammar structure differences mingled with the mother tongue and the target language.1.2 HYPOTHESISSystematic and an organized study of tenses in grammar can solve the discourse rel ated issues in knowledge especially those related to the target language.1.3 OBJECTIVES1. To investigate problems faced by Pakistani analyseers during English tense-learning. 2. To recognize the hindrances faced by students in learning tenses. 3. To highlight the problems of grammar teaching and suggest the solution for them.1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF researchIt will prove to be useful in obtaining reading from students and teachers statistically, and will give an accurate report on how the problems come forth and consequently how to tackle them2 LITERATURE REVIEWThe component issues are how to enhance theREASEARCH BASED REVIEWS author MiddlesmoorMy primary(prenominal) belief is that modern teaching techniques and their text books can be too dispersive. The principles of the communicative approach allied to the presentation of language according to the patently self evident concept of the functions of language, when put into the context of the class room, lead to conf utilise lack of bearing. As a result, when pupils have a sense of confusion they become de-motivated.I have a central objection to the theoreticians distinction between learning a language and acquiring one when it is applied to school. Schools are not full of infant indigenous speakers trying out the language as was the little English boy who said I swimmed in the river. capacious damage has been done. Schools are artificial places and they need a whole value of techniques of learning.Another objection to the notion of acquiring a language and wanting to reproduce that in schools is that it confuses us think that memory in school can be viewed as similar to the mechanisms that help us acquire (absorb unconsciously) our mother tongue.The enounce acquire is preferred as a softer word than learn. Learn is call uped too Prussian as it were and linked to memorising. However consider how the expression learning by heart is a much less(prenominal) rigid sounding expression than if we used the t erm memorising. In the distinction learn versus acquire, the idea is that learning is the wrong mechanism dull, bookish and forced. Why is it that a term want learn, absolutely, subsequently thousands of years of happy use in the language suddenly smells and we have to invent acquire? Im suspicious of such distinctions and the undermining of accepted sense. Such theological repositioning is tendentious. It supposes that approximatelywhatthing is proved by simply using a supposedly self evident term. We can rate that children learn that fires burn or they learn that not everything is what it seems to be We dont need to say that they acquire the effects of fire or differentiationYoung English children learn that there are some action talking to (verbs) that are regular when applied to the past (arrived) and others that behave in odd ways (swum). These distinctions come slowly. They learn them, as they do other things, by trial and error. It is lawful that juvenile children p ick up languages with amazing ease, but that is another story and it is certainly not a secret ability easily transferred to schools by mentation that such ease is natural and unthinking as is suggested (not proved) by the use of the term acquire. moreover this distinction has made text books woolly with fictional naturalism.When a young 3 year old told me Today we swimmed in the river he was intelligently generalising about a learnt aspect of verbs. By observation and repetition practice he had seen regularity though yet im unblemishedly. The mentality the brain mechanisms of learning your mother tongue are mysterious and specific to certain ages. We should be very careful before thinking that this mystery can be reproduced by means of class room text books in the weirdly ineffectual localizeting of a school classroom. No, language learning at school depends on suitable procedures for learning and remembering. Obviously learning is a complex matter. plainly one shouldnt te ndentiously falsify the word/- concept learn into a daft travesty of crouch over your books and memorise , from which we are then rescued by the saintly term acquire which possesses the secret of doing everything effortlessly.Few of us these days exercise our memory. It should be obvious to anyone that language learning requires memorisation. Out of fear of so called rote learning we think everything should proceed course, be acquired, i.e. effortlessly. However, we learn our own language with considerable repetitive practice. The so called natural methodology of language teaching is a sham. What we need is artificial procedures that mimic certain repetitive practice situations in the native learner and these procedures should be fun. When we learn our mother tongue we are at full stretch in our attendance and will to understand and communicate. This is not so at school.In the grammar book there are countless suggestions for practising and recycling the specimen sentences nugg ets on the grammar pages, and games for learning vocabulary. Who in the natural or communicative approach is doing the artificial / paranormal business of teaching vocabulary? In my experience, running a language school for foreign children, they know hardly any words in a really active sense i.e. Words that are easily recoverable to their memories. Since young people have good memories the grammar units are exemplified with short plays that focus on the one grammar aspect. These plays are to be learnt by heart and acted and preferably filmed within 10 15 minutes. (may be in competetive pairs doing the same play.) Thus the unhurried children will be really helped to keep up with the rest of the classby watching various versions of the same play / grammar area. And then everyone can have further repetition practice by watching the videoed performances. These plays are also examples to help pupils make similar plays around grammar islands. To get their imaginations going and give id eas for plays, I have supplied a whole last section called Human life chartsTeaching Grammar is often confusing. Instead of focusing attention on the basic grammatical forms of language, the enterprise gets drowned in pedantic metalanguage. Often grammar teaching makes matters worse.I felt at Middlesmoor that I could do it differently. Small children of any nationality are aware of grammar. They figure of nomenclature up hypotheses of trial and error. In our example of I swimmed a rule (ed) has been perceived that has exceptions (irregular verbs) Why do I point this out? Because some experts have been so disapproving of bad teaching of grammar that they reject any teaching of structural consistencies. Children are not just creative. ( they are rather less so than they are famed to be) What they are is quite sharply rational. They appreciate clarity. I wanted a simple grammar book. There wasnt one. The designer is that people who write grammar books are writing with a worry about what pedant teachers or experts will say of their definitions.They are not thinking at present of the customers (the students) The result is that there is far too much exactitude and the student has too wade through oceans of truth only to drown in it I decided that at Middlesmoor we needed to give the visitors security with the very basic language patterns which were at the same time clothed in examples of immediate utility Can I have some water please? I havent seen her When are we playing football?etc. When we are young we learn without grammar but then as children, play activities are relatively repetitive and restricted. consequently young childrens speaking is rivet on a restricted vocabulary and certain simple grammatical structures.We therefore had to write our own grammar to suit the very uncertain knowledge of our visitors particularly the Italians. Grammar must(prenominal) be presented in larger areas than is usual and be supported by creative open ended solid wh ich is still grammar focused. We made a special analoggrammar to make self access possible to the students. In this way lessons are paradoxically liberated from grammar. There is no sense in splitting up and atomising the grammar for easy digestion. (that is, easy digestion at first view). For example it is only apparently sensible to split into gradual sections, the presentation of the 3 futures or 3 pasts (past perfect and past simple and past continuous) Their use is inter dependent. Teach them together and after the first difficulty of too much at once, hap is quick and lasting.) You dont have to give to a grammar the gradualised lay out of a course book.The objection that the usual practice of splitting up grammar into small bits, helps the student because it is gradual, is totally mistaken. (Besides, once split up how can he/she go back to study the interconnecting logic of the whole problem or actually find what he wants) The benefit of the whole presentation of islands of grammar is that the student can find his own way to a whole soul the grammar gradually comes into focus as it does when we learn our own language. It also means that such larger units of connected grammar are much more easily dour into grammar plays. What is grammar but just that regularity that the 3 year olds I swimmed was hypothesising?Children in a classroom situation need language that is focused and easily recyclable that is, we must artificially recreate the simple environment of our previously described child learner of L2 and situate that language in a context that encourages repetition and recreationAs a bridge from these grammar areas and phrases I have written grammar plays. At Middlesmoor we use theatre a lot. Children have much readier memories than adults. A pity we dont exploit this more. Children learn languages quickly in the natural state because communication is desired by them and also because the language they use is so narrow, and it is endlessly recycled, r epeated and refashioned. Children work outwards from a tight circle of usefulness.The plays are a way of making up for the event that class room situations in which children are taught are all more or less artificial and that the ways of natural language acquisition cannot be transferred to text books.My preferred method of teaching would be to base everything on grammar and special dictionaries and to use the blackboard as note pad for collecting information about the childrens real world of experience. Also newspapers contain stories that fascinate children as young as 9 or 10. They just need a simplified sentence structure and vocabulary.A final point. If we dont make a fetish of grammar and also if we are no longer fright by the idea that grammar is old fashioned we will be the quicker free of it and able to use the language for interesting tasks, ie. we will use it naturally A didactic that frankly uses grammar as a central reference point from which to depart ( and only retu rn to in quick visits) will be much freer from it than the victims of the hotch potch muddle of functional text books. Obviously we must avoid the old grammar teaching which was abstruse gobbledy gook that was like a mountain range so tortuous to cross that few survived to reach the actual languageAuthorKaty Allen MBEDirector, Village Education Project KilimanjaroAn analysis of the obstacles in the way of impressive pupil-centred teaching and learning of the English language in Tanzanian giving medicationI have 14 years experience working in government primary election schools through the NGO Village Education Project Kilimanjaro. It is apparent from working in the schools, from visiting the EQUIP programme in August 2007, and from conducting a district seminar and other grooming and observations that pupil-centred learning is not taking place on any significant scale in the teaching of English. Only an middling evaluation will assist any future development of primary English e ducationIn teaching English to young learners it is essential to consider how children learn. There are recognised stages of cognitive development that every child passes through, and teaching material should take account ofthis. There is also a very great need for the motivation to learn English for both the pupils and the teachers.teaching ideas. It is not sufficient to leave these teachers with inadequate support. They must now be spoon-fed with lesson plans, diminutive ideas for games and activities and material for inter-cultural studies, as well as basic structures, words and phrases for them to conduct classroom routines in English as well as delivery of some specific English tuition.All of this will take account of the age of the pupils and their stage of cognitive development and also of the current level of expertise of the acquirable teachers, the need to motivate both pupil and teacher, and the time available in the classroom for routine activities. Teachers need detai led, supportive materials so that their pupils are motivated, and learn consistently and the teachers themselves are assisted to understand the English being taught and assisted with the methods of teaching.It is important to bear in mind the stages of development of children when assessing or planning a primary language course. For an overview of Piaget and Stages of Cognitive Development see Appendix 1.In addition attention should be paid to how the brain works. Glover and Bruning5 have summarised six major principles of cognitive psychology as they relate to counselling 1. Pupils are active serveors of information2. Learning is most likely to occur when information is made meaningful to pupils 3. How pupils learn may be more important that what they learn 4. Cognitive processes become self-locking with repeated use5. Metacognitive skills can be developed through instruction 6. The most enduring motivation for learning is internal motivationTeachers with insufficient subject kn owledge have very little if any confidence. Teacher training should be concerned with two elements151. Subject Knowledge ensuring that the future teachers know and understandenough about what they are to teach to be able to teach it soundly 2. Subject Application ensuring that the future teachers know and understand enough about how to teach what they are to teach to be able to do so effectively.1.QUALITATIVEQualitative research is a method of inquiry appropriated in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the wherefore and how of decision making, not just what, where, when.Hence, smaller but focused samples are more often needed, rather than large samples.For example, if you are asked to explain in qualitative terms a thermal image displa yed in multiple colours, then you would explain the colour differences rather than the heats numerical value.The most jet is analysis of qualitative data is observer impression.Observers examine the data, interpret it via forming an impression and report their impression in a structured and sometimes duodecimal form.First, cases can be selected purposefully, according to whether or not they typify certain characteristics or contextual locations. Secondly, the role or position of the researcher is given greater slender attention. This is because in qualitative research the possibility of the researcher taking a neutral or transcendental position is seen as more problematic in practical and/or philosophical terms. Hence qualitative researchers are often exhorted to reflect on their role in the research process and make this clear in the analysis.Thirdly, while qualitative data analysis can take a wide variety of forms it tends to differ from quantitative research in the focus on la nguage, signs and meaning as well as approaches to analysis that are holistic and contextual, rather than reductionist and isolationist. Nevertheless, systematic and transparent approaches to analysis are nigh always regarded as essential for rigor. For example, many qualitative methods require researchers to carefully code data anddiscern and document themes in a consistent and true(p) way.2.QUANTITATIVEquantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena. The process of standard is central to quantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships.Statistical surveys were used to collect quantitative information about items in a population. Surveys of human popul ations and institutions are common in political polling and government, health, social science and marketing research. The survey focused on opinions or factual information depending on its purpose, and involved administering questions to case-by-cases. When the questions were administered by a researcher, a structured interview or a researcher-administered survey prwsented itself.ALTERNATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES1.QUESTIONNNAIREQuestionnaire repliesName yasir arafatSchool F.G boys secondary school chattarClass 51. A 5. A2. A 6. A3. A 7. A4. A 8. A9. autonomic nervous system the tenses should be taught in such a way that the students must not be asked to memorise the rules but to be able to use them properly. In this way an internal grammar would be generated which would be helpful in communication rather than a hinderance.10. autonomic nervous system In the beginning the teacher should try to gain the attention and interest among the students by explaining the similarities betwee n English language and the native language. Then he should try to teach English tenses in English.Name Zahid Ali School F.G school Malpur Ibd.Class 61. C2. A3. A4. B5. A6. A7. A8. A9. Ans10. AnsName Kamran School Madina ideal CollegeClass 81. B 5. A2. A 6. A3. A 7. A4. A 8. A9. Ans The students should first know the basic things of grammar like parts of talk and then sentence structure and then move on to tenses. And the tenses should be in such and order that they should move from easy to difficult.10. Ans Tenses teaching should be made interesting and the teacher should first motivate the students in this regard. The students should be asked to make use of every tense they go through. manifestationTo develop ones speech means to acquire essential patterns of speech and grammar patterns in particular. Children must use these items automatically during speech-practice. The automatic use of grammar items in our speech (oral and written) supposes mastering some particular skills th e skills of using grammar items to express ones own thoughts, in other words to make up your sentences.We must get so-called reproductive or active grammar skills.A skill is treated as an automatic part of awareness. Automatization of the action is the main make of a skill.The nature of Automatization is characterized by that psychological structure of the action which adopts to the conditions of performing the action owing frequent experience. The action becomes more frequent, correct and accurate and the number of the trading operations is shortened while forming the skill the character of awareness of the action is changing, i.e. fullness of understanding is paid to the conditions and quality of performing to the control over it and regulation.To form some skills is necessary to know that the process of the forming skills has some stairs Only some definite elements of the action are automatic. The Automatization occurs under more difficult conditions, when the child cant concen trate his attention on one element of the action. The whole structure of the action is improved and the automatization of its separate components is completed.What features do the productive grammar skills have?During our speech the reproductive grammar skills are formed together with lexis and intonation, they must express the speakers intentions.The actions in the structural setting of the lexis must be learnt.The characteristic feature of the reproductive grammar skills is their flexibility. It doesnt depend on the level of Automatization, i.e. on perfection of skill here mean the original action both the structure of sentence, and forms of the words are reproduced by the speaker using different lexical material. If the child reproduces sentences and different words, which have been learnt by him as a ready-made thing he can say that there is no grammar skill. Learning the ready-made forms, word combinations and sentences occurs in the same way as learning lexis.The grammar skill is based on the general conclusion. The grammar action can and must occur only in the definite lexical limits, on the definite lexical material. If the pupil can make up his sentence frequently, accurately and correctly from the grammatical point of view, he has got the grammar skill.Teaching grammar at school using the theoretical knowledge brought some diminutive and led to confusion. All the grammatical rules were considered to be evil and there were some steps to avoid using them at school.But when we learn grammatical items in models we use substitution and such a type of training gets rid of grammar or neutralizes it. By the way, teaching the skills to make up sentences by analogy is a step on the way of forming grammar skills. It isnt the lexical approach to grammar and it isnt neutralization of grammar, but using basic sentences in order to use exercises by analogy and to reduce number of grammar rules when forming thereproductive grammar skills.To form the reproductive gr ammar skills we must follow such steps Selection the model of sentence. Selection the form of the word and formation of wordforms. Selection the auxiliary words-preposition, articles, and etc. and their combination with principle words.The main difficulty of the reproductive (active) grammar skills is to correspond the purposes of the statement, communicative approach (a questionan answer and so on), words, meanings, verbalized by the grammatical patterns. In that case we use basic sentences, in order to answer the definite situation. The main factor of the forming of the reproductive grammar skill is that pupils need to learn the lexis of the language. They need to learn the meanings of the words and how they are used. We must be sure that our pupils are aware of the vocabulary they need at their level and they can use the words in order to form their own sentence. Each sentence contains a grammar structure.The mastering the grammar skill lets pupils save time and strength, energy , which can give opportunity to create. Learning a number of sentences containing the same grammatical structure and a lot of words containing the same grammatical form isnt rational. But the generalization of the grammar item can relieve the work of the mental activity and let the teacher speed up the work and the children realize creative activities.The process of creation is connected with the mastering of some speech stereotypes the grammatical substrat is hidden in basic sentences. Grammar is presented as itself. Such a presentation of grammar has its advantage the grammar patterns of the basic sentences are connected with each other. But this approach gives pupils the opportunity to realize the grammar item better. The teaching must be based on grammar explanations and grammar rules. Grammar rules are to be understood as a special way of expressingcommunicative activity. The reproductive grammar skills suppose to master the grammar actions which are necessary for expressing th oughts in oral and written forms.The automatic perception of the text supposes the reader to identify the grammar form according to the formal features of words, word combinations, sentences which must be combined with the definite meaning. One must learn the rules in order to identify different grammatical forms. Pupils should get to know their features, the ways of expressing them in the language. We teach children to read and aud by means of grammar. It reveals the relation between words in the sentence. Grammar is of great important when one teaches reading and auding.The forming of the perceptive grammar and reproductive skills is quite different. The steps of the work is mastering the reproductive skills differ from the steps in mastering the perceptive skills. To master the reproductive grammar skills one should study the basic sentences or models. To master the perceptive grammar skills one should identify and analyze the grammar item. though training is of great importance to realize the grammar item.1.3 The Content of Teaching GrammarBefore speaking about the selection of grammar material it is necessary to consider the concept grammar, i.e., what it meant by grammar.By grammar one can mean adequate comprehension and correct usage of words in the act of communication, that is, intuitive knowledge of the grammar of the language. It is a set of reflexes enabling a person to communicate with his associates. Such knowledge is acquired by a child in the mother tongue before he goes to schools.This grammar functions without the individuals awareness of technical nomenclature in other words, he has no idea of the system of the language, and to use all the word-endings for singular and plural, for tense, and allthe other grammar rules without special grammar lessons only due to the abundance of auding and speaking. His young mind grasps the facts and makes simple grammar rules for arranging the words to express carious thoughts and feelings. This is true bec ause sometimes little children make mistakes by using a common rule for words to which that rule cannot be applied.For example, a little English child might be comprehend to say Two mans comed instead of Two men come, because the child is using the plural s rule for man to which the rule does not apply, and the past tense ed rule for come which does not obey the ordinary rule for the past tense formation. A little Russian child can say instead of using the case-ending for to which it does not apply. Such mistakes are corrected as the child grows older and learns more of his language.By grammar we also mean the system of the language, the stripping and description of the nature of language itself. It is not a natural grammar, but a constructed one. There are several constructed grammars traditional, structural, and transformational grammars. Traditional grammar studies the forms of words (morphology) and how they are put together in sentences (syntax) structural grammar studies structures of various levels of the language (morpheme level) and syntactic level transformational grammar studies basic structures and transformation rules.What we need is simplest and shortest grammar that meets the requirements of the school syllabus in foreign languages. This grammar must be simple enough to be grasped and held by any pupil. We cannot say that this problem has been solved.Since graduates are expected to acquire language proficiency in aural comprehension, speaking and reading grammar material should be selected for the purpose. There exist principles of selecting grammar material both for teaching speaking knowledge (active minimum) and for teaching reading knowledge (passive minimum), the main one is the principle of frequency, i.e., how frequently this or that grammar item occurs. For example, the Present Simple (Indefinite) is frequently used both in conversation and in various texts. Therefore it should be included in the grammar minimum.For selecting gramm ar material for reading the principle of polysemia, for instance, is of great importance.Pupils should be taught to distinguish such grammar items which serve to express different meanings.For example, -s (es)The selection of grammar material involves choosing the appropriate kind of linguistic description, i.e., the grammar which constitutes the best base for developing speech habits. Thus the school syllabus reflect a traditional approach to find out grammar material for foreign language teaching, pupils are given sentences patterns or structures, and through these structures they assimilate the English language, acquire grammar mechanisms of speechThe content of grammar teaching is disputable among teachers and methodologists, and there are various approaches to the problem, pupils should, whatever the content of the course, assimilate the ways of fitting words together to form sentences and be able to easily recognize grammar forms and structures while hearing and reading, to r eproduce phrases and sentences stored up in their memory and say or write sentences of their own, using grammar items appropriate to the situation.The direct method assumed that learning a foreign language is the same as learning the mother tongue, that is, that exposing the student directly to the foreign language impresses it perfectly upon his mind. This is true only up to a point, since the psychology of learning a second language differs from that of learning the first. The child is forced to learn the first language because he has no other effective way to express his wants. In learning a second language this compulsion is largely missing, since the student knows that he can communicate through his native language when necessary.The basic premise of Direct Method was that second language learning should be more like first language learning loads of active oral interaction, spontaneous use of the language, no translation between first and second languages, and little or no ana lysis of grammatical rules. We can summarize the principles of the DirectMethod Classroom instruction was conducted exclusively in the target language. Only everyday vocabulary and sentences were taught. Oral communication skills were built up in a carefully graded progression organized around question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and student in small, intensive classes. Grammar was taught inductively, i.e. the learner may discover the rules of grammar for himself after he has become acquainted with many examples. New teaching points were introduced orally. Concrete vocabulary was taught through demonstration, objects, and pictures abstract vocabulary was taught by association of ideas. Both speech and listening comprehension were taught. Correct pronunciation and grammar were emphasized